This document discusses several key ethical issues in public health, including disparities in health and access to care, responding to infectious diseases, international health cooperation, exploitation of individuals, health promotion, and ensuring participation, transparency and accountability. It also compares research activities and non-research public health practices, noting some common ethical tensions between individual and community interests as well as oversight mechanisms.

1. Ethical Considerations in Public Health

3. Factors affecting public health ethics

4. Ethical Values

5. KEY ISSUES IN PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS

12. RESEARCH VS. SURVEILLANCE AND OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICES From presentation by Alex John London Ph.D. Associate Professor of Philosophy & Director

17. Surveillance: General principle Health Care System Public Health Authority Data Information Decision Action Feedback Reporting Evaluation Analysis & Interpretation Ghaiath Surveillance (JPFCM, Jan. 2010)

18. Research vs. non-research activities Research Non-research (surveillance) Goal Producing generalizable knowledge Monitoring & evaluation Population Limited, selected by investigator Public, large groups Time Limited by the time of study Usually ongoing Objective Test hypothesis No hypothesis tested Owners Researchers, funders Public health authorities Methods Novel, not always validated Validated Outcomes Knowledge, product PH intervention Review IRB/REB/REC review Usually none Ethical issues Consent, privacy and confidentiality, access to benefit, Privacy and confidentiality, human rights, infringement to liberty

19. Surveillance as Research • Collection of additional information to what is necessary for public health responsibilities in the population from which data is collected. • Goal is to clarify general features of a pathogen or problem. • Research methods are employed to permit generalization of data to other populations.

20. RESEARCHING THE QUARANTINED AND ISOLATED From Jerome Singh

23. Ethical Challenges

25. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

26. Community Consent – To know community priorities – To inform individuals better – To respect the structures that are in place and obtain permission to ask individual potential subjects for consent – To determine ways to collaborate with local health care providers Diallo D., Doumbo O., Plowe C., Wellems Th., Emanuel E, Hurst S.: Community Permission for Research in Developing Countries. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005, 41(2), pp 255-9

27. Practical considerations

30. DISCUSSION