The document discusses the causes, conflicts, and impacts of the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century. The main causes were commercial and strategic interests in securing raw materials and trade routes, as well as enhancing international prestige. This led to tensions and conflicts between European powers over territory in Africa, such as the Treaty of Berlin and the Fashoda Incident. The impacts on Africa included some benefits from European rule like improved infrastructure, but also disadvantages like exploitation of resources and loss of traditional culture.

1. CAMBRIDGEAS
HISTORYREVISION
AGEOFIMPERIALISM
1.1 SCRAMBLEFORAFRICA

2. CAUSES
Commerce and trade: industrial revolutions requiring new sources of raw
materials and markets.
Strategic: e.g. importance of securing Britain’s trade routes to India.
Political: enhancing a country’s prestige and international standing.
Medical: new treatments for malaria etc., enabling exploration of African
interior.
Transport: railways and steamships enabling more effective transportation of
people and goods.
Exploration: opening up the African interior.
Moral: bringing civilisation to the African people.

3. CONFLICT
Treaty of Berlin 1885: to prevent conflict between European nations in
Africa.
Fashoda Incident: rivalry between Britain and France over Sudan.
Boer Wars: disputes over ownership of the Transvaal and Orange Free
State; problems faced by Britain in defeating the Boers; international
reaction.
Increased tension between European rivals: especially when Germany
entered the scramble after 1890.

4. IMPACTONAFRICA
Benefits: efficient government and administration; improved
education; improved transport and communication; improved health
(e.g. water and sanitation); improved farming methods.
Disadvantages: Africans ruled by Europeans; loss of traditional African
culture; exploitation of African resources; Africa prevented from
developing its own industries; new boundaries, taking no account of
local and tribal groupings.