Asian Current and Emerging Trends for Transforming Food Systems
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Presentation by Prof. Ki Hee Ryu, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea 2 June, 2021. Global Dialogue of Higher Education, Research and Advisory Services Networks and selected Actors by RUFORUM
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Asian Current and Emerging Trends for Transforming Food Systems
- 1. Asian Current and Emerging Trends for Transforming Food Systems 1 2 June 2021 Dr. Ki Hee Ryu Professor, GBST Seoul National University Korea ADB Annual Report 2019
- 2. Contents 1. SDG 2, Zero Hunger 2. Food Insecurity in Asia 3. The ADB Operations under COVID Pandemic 4. Current COVID-19 Measures 5. Emerging SDG 2 Trends 6. Conclusion 2
- 3. 1. SDG 2. Zero Hunger UN website 2021 3
- 4. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2020 • The world is progressing neither towards SDG target 2.1 of ensuring access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food for all people all year round, nor towards SDG target 2.2 of eradicating all forms of malnutrition. • Prior to COVID 19 pandemic, almost 750 M were estimated as undernourished but it will exceed 840 M by 2030. • The COVID 19 pandemic may add an additional 83 to 132 M people in 2020. FAO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 4
- 5. Suggestion for Nutritious Food • Raise productivity and diversify in food production • Invest in irrigation infrastructure • Reduce pre-harvest and post-harvest losses in quantity and quality at the production • Improve market infrastructure with road network, and storage, processing and preservation • Improve trade and marketing policy for globalization • Prioritize food and agricultural policy for R&D • Improve agricultural technologies for smallholders FAO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 5
- 6. 2. Food Insecurity in Asia 6 FAO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020
- 7. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in Asia • Asia is home to more than half of total undernourished people in the world (381 M) in 2019 • Since 2005, hungry people in Asia has reduced by more than 190 M because of China and India’s economic development • The projection for Asia in 2030 shows significant progress in reducing undernourishment. • W/o impact of COVID-19, Eastern and central Asia are on track to meet SDG Target 2.1. by 2030. FAO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 7
- 8. Prevalence of Undernourishment in Asia by 2030 FAO: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 8
- 9. 3. ADB Agricultural Operations under COVID Pandemic 9 ADB Annual Report 2020
- 10. ADB Strategy 2030 10 ADB Annual Report 2019
- 11. ADB Achievement in 2019 11 ADB Annual Report 2019
- 12. ADB Achievement in 2020 12 ADB Annual Report 2020
- 13. 4. Current COVID-19 Measures • Consumers Social Protection program • Producers Smallholder farmers’ access to markets • Free Trade and Regional Cooperation ASEAN plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR) 13 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 14. 5. Emerging SDG 2 Trends • Direct marketing through online platform • Enhance price risk management system • Movement toward agricultural technology • Institutional and legislative reforms • Targeted support to smallholder farmers through agricultural reform 14 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 15. Direct Marketing through Online Platform - Facilitate trading of produce, avoid food waste, and mitigate loss of farmers’ profits by reducing multiple layers of intermediaries. - Farmers need to enhance quality control and certification of produce to participate in digital marketing and gain trust from online customers. - Capacity building for farmers on market- favored quality standards and production and post-harvest handling, quality input supply mechanism for decentralized marketing. 15 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 16. Enhance Price Risk Management System • Advanced information system recording land use on crop production, market arrival, traded stocks, and delivery schedule combined with weather information • Demand forecasts and price prediction models linked to famers’ planning of production and increased use of regulated electronic warehouse receipts. 16 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 17. Movement toward Agricultural Technology • Accelerate the movement toward agricultural technology-based farming and value chain development and automation • Remote sensing, geographic information system-based land and soil management 17 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 18. Institutional and Legislative Reforms For shift toward digital agriculture and mechanization, the reform should realign with public and private sector roles in agricultural input supply, food safety, value chain infrastructure, quality assurance, and extension 18 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 19. Smallholder Farmers through Reform • Improve smallholder farmers’ access to affordable digital infrastructure and training, • Rural financing, • Marketing opportunities, • Entrepreneurial skills, • Value chain infrastructure, and • Engagement in small and medium-sized agriculture enterprises, and other off-farm income generation activities. 19 ADB Brief: Food Security in Asia amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020
- 20. 6. Conclusion To transform food systems in Asia effectively, smallholder farmers should benefit from new business opportunities after this COVID-19 pandemic through • New agricultural technologies for better productivity, value addition through food quality control, and direct marketing, and • Policy reforms for fair labor, market transparency, and digitized information. 20
- 21. Thank you Dr. Ki Hee Ryu Professor, GBST Seoul National University kiheeryu@snu.ac.kr 21
Notas do Editor
- I am very pleased to present my presentation on “Asian current and emerging trends for transforming food system” at “the Dialogue on building capacity for agrifood systems research to better harness science, institutions and technology to improve global/African food systems”, which is prepared for “Global Dialogue on the United Nations Food Systems Summit”.
- The presentation is intended to be simple. It will cover first “present status of the SDG 2 , zero hunger targets. Secondly, food insecurity in Asia” based on the 2020 State Report of Food Security and Nutrition in the World”. Then, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic situation in Asia and ADB’s current operations related to the coronavirus disease, COVID-19 pandemic. Fifthly, the ADB’s emerging trend for SDG2 is to increase agricultural productivities and incomes of small-scale farmer for better food systems in Asia and the Pacific. Finally I will conclude my presentation in ten minutes.
- Before the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity was already on the rise, and the pandemic is an additional threat to food systems of having climate shocks, locust crisis and conflict.
- In 2015, the world committed to end hunger, food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition by 2030, But FAO reported recently that the world is neither progressing towards SDG 2.1 of ensuring access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food for all people, nor towards SDG 2.2 , of eradicating all forms of malnutrition. In addition, the report indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic might add an additional 80 to 130 million people to the undernourished in 2020. It depends on the economic growth scenario, ranging from 5% to 10 % in global GDP growth.
- In terms of the distribution of total food insecure (moderate or severe) people of 2 billion people in the world, Asia has 1 billion and 677 million in Africa. The UN agencies suggested, transforming food systems to deliver affordable healthy diets for all is more expensive than nutrient adequate diet (60%) and energy sufficient diet (500%). The affordability of healthy diets could be increased by reducing the cost of nutritious foods through the following suggestions. The policy should promote investment in irrigation infrastructure, specifically targeting strengthening capacity for all season vegetable production and other high value commodities to increase availability of nutritious foods. Likewise, national food and agricultural strategies and programs should step up investment in research and development (R&D) to raise productivity of nutritious foods and help reduce their cost, while enhancing access to improved technologies, especially for smallholder producers, to maintain adequate levels of profitability.
- According to the FAO and four other UN agencies, the world has 690 million undernourished people in 2020 and will reach to 840 million in 2030. Compared to Africa having 250 million in 2020 and expecting to increase to 430 million in 2030, Asia having 380 million will be reduced to 330 million in 2030. .
- Asia is home to more than half of total undernourished people in the world (381 M) in 2019. Since 2005, hungry people in Asia has reduced by more than 190 M, mainly because of China and India’s economic development The projection for Asia in 2030 shows significant progress in reducing undernourishment from 380 M to 330 M people. W/o impact of COVID-19, Eastern and central Asia are on track to meet SDG Target 2.1. by 2030. However, the COVID pandemic is still very serious in Asia countries.
- The prevalence of undernourishment (POU) in Western and Southern Asia is much higher than other Asian countries.
- To address the COVID pandemic. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has mobilized $31 billion, in which 16 B is only for the Emergency Resilience Program for the COVID-19.
- ADB's long-term corporate strategy to 2030 sets the course for ADB's efforts to respond effectively to the Asia and Pacific region's challenges. Under Strategy 2030, ADB has its vision to achieve a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty.
- Compared to the 2019 achievement of 75% on addressing poverty and reducing inequalities, ADB’s performance on rural development and food security reached only to 27%.
- With the pandemic threatening to reverse recent improvements in ADB priority areas, ADB reduced its performance on rural development and food security to 23%, While its improvement in poverty and reducing inequality from 75% to 86%.
- For the policy implications and ADB’s role in the food security to address the COVID-19 pandemic, For consumers (demand side): Increase coverage, relax conditionalities, and enhance the benefits of social protection programs and support to supplement DMCs’ food and nutrition policy measures targeting vulnerable groups. For producers (supply side): (i) enhance smallholder farmers’ access to markets, (ii) exchange information using online platforms, aggregate produce at the group level, arrange transportation on their own, directly sell their produce at markets, (iii) provide financial relief and liquidity support to farmers, agribusiness, and food processors under financial stress, and (iv) extend and relax credit conditions for small farmers, rural communities, small and medium-sized enterprises in agriculture For free trade and regional cooperation : (i) ensure free trade, and (ii) enhance regional mechanisms such as APTERR to provide an additional food supply safety net. In particular, APTERR established in 2011 has stockpiled now 787,000 tons of rice as emergency reserves. ADB supports the pilot APTERR to be a permanent scheme.
- The decentralized marketing is direct marketing through online platform.
- 1. It can facilitate collaborative planning among agricultural value chain actors. 2. It will stabilize supply chains, require less government intervention, and reduce price risks for farmers and consumers. 3. The PRM system requires better data collection, validation, and management platforms and enhanced logistic infrastructure.
- Long term constraints including impacts of climate change, environmental degradation, and shrinking natural resources, such as water and arable land on food security, requires 1. Technologies of 2 will help overcome the constraints such as lack of financing or public-private cooperation, cumbersome regulatory environments, growing costs and limited availability of agricultural labor.
- The COVID-19 crisis should be used as an opportunity for developing economies to initiate or start implementing long-sought agricultural reforms. A shift toward digital agriculture and mechanization may well accelerate, and Asia’s developing countries will need to cope with this new environment to make the agriculture sector more competitive.
- Adequate support should be provided for smallholder farmers to benefit from the agricultural reform.
- I conclude that to transform food systems in Asia effectively, smallholder farmers should benefit from new business opportunities after this COVID-19 pandemic through first, new agricultural technologies for better productivity, value addition through food quality control, and direct marketing, and second, policy reforms for fair labor, market transparency, and digitized information