7. CHILDHOOD HEAD
INJURIES
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME-
crying infant is violently shaken by a
frustrated caregiver.
Internal bleeding
Brain damage
Traumatic brain injury
Death
8. CULTURAL-FAMILIAL
RETARDATION
Refers to the existence of lowered
intelligence of unknown origin
associated with a history of mental
retardation in one or more family
members.
The condition results from the lack
of adequate stimulation during
infancy and early childhood.
Disease of the mother during
infancy may also result in mental
retardation.
10. Sexually transmitted diseases
such as
• Syphilis ,
• gonorrhea
• AIDS,
• Toxoplasmosis (blood poisoning) and
• rubella.
Maternal rubella-
most likely to cause retardation,
blindness and deafness when
the disease occurs during the
first trimester of pregnancy.
12. DEFICITS IN
COGNITIVE
FUNCTIONING
SUB-AVERAGE INTELLECTUAL SKILLS- below average
mental ability as measured by standardized tests.
LOW ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT- mentally retarded are
likely to be slower in reaching levels of academic
achievement equal to their peers.
DIIFFICULTY IN ATTENDING TO TASKS- distracted by
irrelevant stimuli rather than those that pertain to the lesson.
difficulties in remembering and generalizing newly learned
lessons and skills.
13. DEFICITS IN MEMORY
DIFFICULTY WITH THE GENERALIZATION
OF SKILLS.
often have trouble in
Transferring their new
knowledge and skills.
LOW MOTIVATION-
• lack of interest in learning their lessons.
Develop learned helplessness where
they continue to fail in doing certain tasks.
To avoid failure, people tend to set very
low expectations for oneself.
14. DEFICITS IN ADAPTIVE
BEHAVIOR
SELF- CARE AND DAILY LIVING SKILLS-
Direct instruction, simplified routine, prompts and
task analysis, hygiene, grooming, eating,
toileting, communication.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT- limited cognitive
processing skills, poor language development.
Making friends and sustaining personal
relationships.
18. A.INITIAL ASSESSMENT
Assessed by regular teacher
(CHECKLIST OF THE LEARNING AND
BEHAVIOR characteristics )
B.FINAL ASSESSMENT
Assessed by guidance counselor or
sped teacher
PROCESS:
1. More intensive observation and
evaluation of the child’s cognitive and
adaptive skills.
2. Analysis of medical history
19. c. DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
A. Informal and standardized
tests
B. Home visit
C. Interview
D. Observation
E. Evaluation report
F. Inclusion and participation of
family
21. A. TRADITIONAL
ASSESSMENT
- Parents fill in a pre-referral
form
- Referred to a team of clinical
practitioners
- Members of team are
developmental psychologist, early childhood
special educator,early childhood educator,
speech/language pathologist(SLP), occupational
therapist, physical therapist,
22. B. TEAM-BASED
ASSESSMENT APPROACHES
a. MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT-
independently assessed the child and
report results without consulting or
integrating their findings with one
another.
b. INTERDISCIPLINARY
ASSESSMENT- the members conduct
an independent assessment and
evaluation individually the findings are
integrated together with the
recommendations.
23. c. TRANSDISCIPLINARY
ASSESSMENT
- Allows other team members as
facilitators during the
assessment process. A natural
extension of this approach is
the involvement of the family in
the decision making process
24. C. ACTIVITY- BASED
ASSESSMENT
- The assessment materials have a
curriculum and evaluation components
and do not require specialized materials or
test kits.
- CRITERION REFERENCED
ASSESSMENT TOOLS-ARE;
- Assessment evaluation and
programming system for infants and
children(AEPS)
- Infant preschool Assessment Scale(IPAS)
30. Early Intervention Program
Provision of an early intervention
program to children with
developmental delays .
The skills that are normally learned
during early childhood are taught at the
time they are still young and more
malleable than when he or she would
have grown old and less flexible.
31. Early Intervention Program
Staff members of Early Intervention
Program
have formal training in early childhood
education and special education
- Participate in in-service training programs
and agencies, conferences and workshops.
Intervisitation among programs and
agencies.
32. RATIONALE FOR EARLY
INTERVENTION
1. During intervention secondary disabilities can
be observed.
2. Prevent the occurrence of secondary
disabilities,
3. Lessen the chances for placement in a
residential school.
4. Family gains information
5. Hasten the child’s acquisition of the desirable
learning and behaviour characteristics.
34. 1. HOME-BASED
INSTRUCTION PROGRAM
Its goal is to provide a continous
program of instruction both school and
home.
Utilizes the Filipino adaptation of the
Portage Project (NCR, REGION V,
DAVAO).
Monitoring and evaluation of the
program show positive results.
35. 2. HEAD START PROGRAM
Head start program in Manila City schools
division addresses preschool education for the
socially and economically deprived children four
to six years old.
The program operates on the principle of early
intervention as a preventive measure against
behaviour problems among young children
The participants are siblings of youth offenders,
slum dwellers, street children and other
preschool age.
Adopted by the Special education centers of manila,.
36. 3. COMMUNITY- BASED
REHABILITATION(CBR) SERVICES
World Health Organization ,defines community based
rehabilitation as measures taken at the community level
Use to build on the resources of the community
Assist in the rehabilitation of those who need
assistance(disabled and handicapped person)
- Acclaimed as the answer to the rehabilitation needs in poverty-
stricken areas were institution-based rehabilitation programs
are not available.
- Piloted by National Commission for the Disabled
persons(NCWPD) in Bacolod
- Expanded to selected communities in Luzon, Visayas,
Mindanao
- Employed and maximized in providing rehabilitation programs
to urban and rural communities.
37. 4. URBAN BASIC SERVICE
PROGRAM
An early intervention scheme based on
the principle of home based instruction
was adopted by the urban basic service
program as its education component.
Utilized the Filipino adaptation of the
Portage Guide to Early Intervention
38. 4. URBAN BASIC SERVICE
PROGRAM
Twelve(12) barangays or villages
identified as depressed and
underserved
Twenty two parents are trained yearly to
early intervention
Minimizing the effects of the disabilities
and increasing the children’s readiness
and response to rehabilitation programs.
40. THE CURRICULUM
Students with mental retardation
needs a functional curriculum that will
train them on the life skill.
It goal is toward self- direction and
regulation and the ability to select
appropriate options in everyday life
Fosters independent living
Enjoyment of leisure and social
activities
Improved quality of life
42. Cognitive Curriculum For
Young Children (CCYC)
is a major curriculum effort based on
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development,
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development, and
Feuerstein’s concept of mediated learning.
CCYC builds its instructional program around the
child’s deficits in cognition where mediated learning is
applied.
Estimates of a child’s maximum learning potential are
derived from his zone of proximal development that is
determined by comparing the child’s actual level of
performance to his performance under the teacher’s
direct supervision
43. INSTRUMENTAL
ENRICHMENT PROGRAM
- The child is trained to
develop a sense of
intentionality and a feeling of
competence as a result of
structured mediated learning
environments
Another intervention program
Is
44. Montessori Method
Aim to develop the child’s :
sense of self mastery,
mastery of the environment and
independence by focusing on his/her
perceptual and conceptual
development as well as in the
acquisition of skills in self care and
daily living activities.
45. Ypsilante Perry Preschool
Project
Used in teaching disadvantaged children with mild mental
retardation who are three to four years old.
Portage Project
Parents are trained to teach their children using behavior
modification procedures.
Carolina’s Abcedarian Project
Includes parent training, social work services, nutritional
supplement, medical care and transportation.
47. (ABA) Applied
Behavioral Analysis
One such method of teaching (ABA)
Applied Behavioral Analysis
Is derive from the theory and principles of
behavior modification and effect on the
environment on the learning process.
48. Task analysis
Process of breaking down complex or
multiple skills into smaller, easier-to-
learn subtask.
Active student response
Or the observable response made to an
instructional antecedent is correlated to
student achievement.
49. Systematic feedback
Through positive reinforcement is
employed whenever needed by rewarding
the student correct responses with simple
positive comments, gestures or facial
expression. Meanwhile incorrect
responses are immediately corrected
(error correct technique) by asking the
student to repeat the correct responses
after.
50. Student with Mental
Retardation in Inclusive
Education
The Educational placement is called
Inclusive education because the regular
class has student with a disability a who
has been assessed to be capable of
learning side by side with normal students
51. Suggestions for
SPED and regular
teachers who
classes student
with mental
retardation are
mainstreamed
52. together study, the student’s IEP and agree
on the teacher’s roles and responsibilities
Set regular meetings with each other
Encourage acceptance of the student by the
classmates
Use instructional procedures
Abstract concepts, provide multiple concrete
examples.
Supplement verbal instructions
Assign a peer tutor to assist
53. Vary the tasks in drills and practice activities
Encourage the use of computer- based tutorials
Utilize the lecture-pause technique
Have a volunteer tape- record reading assignments if
the student is unable to read.
Use cooperative learning strategies involving
heterogeneous group of students.
Use multilayered activities involving flexible learning
objectives to accommodate the needs of students
with diverse abilities.
Pair students with mental retardation
Encourage regular students to assist students with
mental retardation as they participate in class
activities
54. Transition service-
Provide the bridge to life after
school and help individual in
both community, adjustment and
employment.
Emotional placidity
sila ung mga taong ayaw na ayaw ng problema ,
Gusto nila kalmang kalma lang ang buhay nila..
sa family nila maaring may history ng mental retardation o
Maaring namana nila to.
Persons with familial retardation typically have IQs ranging from 55-69karaniwan person na may familial reatardation ung IQs nila nag rarange from 55-69
Sinasaba dito na meron silang lowered intelligence na kung saan karaniwan sa IQ nila I s nagrarange lang from 55-69 unlike sa mga
Gonorrhea , morbid loss of semen
Sa lalaki masyadong onti ung semen na lumalabas sa kanila
Sakit na naippasa during sexual intercourse
Trimester of pregnncy. Unang tatlong buwn ng pagbubuntis ng nanay is meron siyang tigdas
Karaniwan sa kanila is ung IQ test is nagrarange from 55-69 or minsan mas below pa dito
Pero meron padin naman ilan sa kanila na mataas ang IQ. Or above average
Difficulty in retaining and recording information in the short term or working memory.
For example, may sinabi o itinuro sa kanila just a few seconds lang makakalimutan na nila un . pero according sa research mentaly retarded karamihan sa kanila is may good long term memory, pero pag marami na ung information na kailangan nilang itake dun na sila nahihirapan.
Difficulty
kaya talagang pili lang ung iminimainstream sa kanila sa regular class dahil marami sa kanila is masyadong nahihrapan sa lesson.
Learned helplessness
For example, tnry nila magsulat at hindi nila to nagawa, pag pinagsulat ulit sila iis ipin nila na di nila kayang magsulat kasi dati nilang nagawa un.
D ahil nga jan inaunderestimate nila sarili nila.
Nahihirapan silang makisocialize or even making friends
May kakuklangan sila pagdating sa adaptive behavior
POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS-
Friendliness and kindness.
-Being with them make’s one appreciate one’s normal attribute.
POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS-
Friendliness and kindness.
-Being with them make’s one appreciate one’s normal attribute.
Eto ung mga procedures na ginagawa para ma test kung ung student ay may mild moderate or severe mental retardation.
Initial assessment
Sa initial assesment regular teacher muna ung nag aasess sa bata meron sya ditong checklist para sa masukat learning and behavior characteristic nung bata at kapag nagpakita ng half or more than half ng characteristics is irerefer na sila sa final assessment
Final assessment
Na kung saan and mag aasess dito is guidance counselor or sped teacher
Dito importante ung involvement ng parent and family para sila mismo ung magpoprovide ng mas maraming information about the characteristics o mga ginagawa ng student.
Kinakailangan na nga involvement ng parents or even family members para sa evaluation report ng bata
Traditional assessment
Sa traditional assessment may prerefeRAL form na binibigay sa parent about sa family history at developmental history ng bata, na kung saan nirerrefer sila sa team ng clinicAL PRACTITIONERS.
Multi Disciplinary
Lahat ng members ay individual na nag aases sa bata without integrating the result
Interdisciplinary
Kung sa multi disciplinary hindi iniintegrate ung results
Sa interdiscciplinary naman ung result and findings and recommendation ay iniintegrate o pinagsasamasama nila.
Sa transdisciplinary
Parehas na kasama ung parent and members ng mga clinical practitioners sa assessment process.
Sa activity based assessment
May binibigay na assessment materials sa children na may developmental delays and disabilities na kung saan dito nakasupport din ung parent sa bata durring the intervention
Measure mental ability
Measure mental ability
Ability to perform daily activities
Tinatawag din to na ealry childhood intervention, isa sa mga aim nito is ma prevent ung paglalang disabilities ng mga bata , mas matrain abilities nila habang bata pa,
Dahil mas bata nga eka mas madali pa silang turuan mas flexible pa sila.
Maleable madaling turuan
Staff competenies up to date
Tinatawag din to na ealry childhood intervention, isa sa mga aim nito is ma prevent ung paglalang disabilities ng mga bata , mas matrain abilities nila habang bata pa,
Dahil mas bata nga eka mas madali pa silang turuan mas flexible pa sila.
Maleable madaling turuan
Staff competenies up to date
Five reasons why early intervention services provide
Placement ilipat
Resiodential (home)
Hasten (mapadali)
Family gains infor
Family members are trained to implement the programt
Dito tinitrain ung parent even ung or family member para sila mismo ung magturo sa anak nila at pra mas maging aware nila sa performances ng anak nila.
Group of parents act as Teacher aides
isa rin sa principle na ginagamit sa program nto is ung sa early intervention
dito sa cbr,
Pinoprovide to within th community syempre sa mga lugar kung saan hindi available o hindi naabot ng walang instituion-rehabilitation program
Isa ng sa nangunguna
sa urban basic service program para lang din tong home-based isnstruction na kung saan ung teacher nagbibigay ng instruction dun sa parents ng bata para mismo matulungan ung anak nila na madevelop pa ung skills ng anak nila na may developmental delays
Para sila mismo ung gumawa ng effort para madevelop ung skills and intelligence nng anak nilang may developmental delays
The Portage Guide to Early Intervention, a program in which teachers instruct mothers in their homes in an effort to help promote the development of young children with developmental delays,
sa urban basic service program para lang din tong home-based isnstruction na kung saan ung teacher nagbibigay ng instruction dun sa parents ng bata para mismo matulungan ung anak nila na madevelop pa ung skills ng anak nila na may developmental delays
Para sila mismo ung gumawa ng effort para madevelop ung skills and intelligence nng anak nilang may developmental delays
The Portage Guide to Early Intervention, a program in which teachers instruct mothers in their homes in an effort to help promote the development of young children with developmental delays,
Approaches (to draw closer )
Mental retarded need a functional curriculum
Di lang to live normal but makakapagtrabaho din
Implemented in United states and western coutries
(mediated learning ) Middle level learning dito nga sa ccyc isa sa aim ng program nto is to develop pa ung mental ability ng bata na kung saan ung itinuturo dito is mediated learning or middle level learning.
Intentionality (purpose)
sense of intentionality
Ung eargerness na mas matutunan ung isang bagay pagsulat basa or even sa hobby sa sports, music arts, pagpaapiano ,
sense of self mastery,
mastery of the environment
Ypsilante Perry Preschool Project
tinuturuan dito is ung mga 3 to 4 yrs old na bata na na may mild mental retardation
Portage project home based education
basta pag portage tinitrain ung parent para sila unng magturo sa anak nila
Modification (change in something )
Isa nga sa methods of instruction na na ginagamit sa mga children with mental retardation is ung (ABA) Applied Behavioral Analysis
Na dito pinagtutuunan ng pansin ung mga changes sa behavior ng bata un
Ganun din ung effect ng learning environment sa learning process ng bata
Task analysis
Mas madali ung task
Dito sinusuri ung skills ng bata kung hanggan san ung kakayanan nila
Binibigyan sila ng easier to learn task
(error correct technique)
Dito nga uulitin ng student ung tamang answeer na sasabihin ng teacher
Sa inclusive education minimainstreamedd ung o sinasama ung children mental retardation sa regular class, perro dito selective lang ung minimainstreamed. Kahit papano kaya nilang nilang makisabay.
Ito nga ung suggestion kung bakit importante na minimainstreamed ung student with mental reatardation
Encourage acceptance of the student by the classmates
Nafeefeel nila na parang normal children
Assign a peer tutor to assist
Dito mas mas naguguide pa sila ng mga normal student sa mga activities na gagawin.
Development (transition)
Provide asisstance for mental retarded student to adjust from school to employment.
Use cooperative learning strategies involving heterogeneous group of students.
group activities maeengage pa sila sa ibat ibang stiudents. Na may ibat ibang abilities
Use multilayered activities involving flexible objectives to accommodate the needs of students with diverse abilities.
Dito nga nagbibigay pa ng mas malawak na learning objectives para maprovide paung mga needs ng learners na may ibat ibang skills and abilities.
Pair students with mental retardation
For example sa isang section minsan hindi lang isa ung student na may mental retardation don
Sa inclusive education minimainstreamedd ung o sinasama ung children mental retardation sa regular class, perro dito selective lang ung minimainstreamed.