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Money
2	
Ten	
  Principles	
  of	
  Economics	
  	
  
Ⅰ.How	
  People	
  Make	
  Decisions.	
  
1:People	
  Face	
  Trade-­‐offs.	
  
2:The	
  Cost	
  of	
  Something	
  Is	
  What	
  You	
  Give	
  Up	
  	
  to	
  Get	
  It.	
  
3:RaIonal	
  	
  People	
  Think	
  at	
  the	
  Margin.	
  
4:People	
  Respond	
  to	
  IncenIves.	
  
	
  
Ⅱ.How	
  People	
  Interact.	
  
5:Trade	
  Can	
  Make	
  Everyone	
  BeNer	
  Off.	
  
6:Markets	
  Are	
  Usually	
  a	
  Goodway	
  to	
  Organize	
  Economic	
  AcIvity.	
  
7:Governments	
  Can	
  SomeImes	
  Improve	
  Market	
  Outcomes.	
  
	
  
Ⅲ.How	
  the	
  Economy	
  as	
  a	
  Whole	
  Works	
  
8:A	
  Country's	
  Standard	
  of	
  Living	
  Depends	
  on	
  its	
  Ability	
  to	
  Produce	
  Goods	
  and	
  Services.	
  
9:Prices	
  Rise	
  When	
  the	
  Government	
  Prints	
  Too	
  Much	
  Money.	
  
10:Society	
  Faces	
  a	
  Short-­‐Run	
  Trade-­‐off	
  between	
  InflaGon	
  and	
  Umemployment.	
  
	
  
	
  
What	
  is	
  money?	
	
What	
  is	
  the	
  role	
  of	
  
money?
Money	
  in	
  economcis	
•  The	
  term	
  money	
  refers	
  to	
  assets	
  that	
  people	
  
regularly	
  use	
  to	
  buy	
  goods	
  and	
  services.	
– As	
  a	
  medium	
  of	
  exchange,	
  it	
  provides	
  the	
  item	
  
used	
  to	
  make	
  transacIon.	
– As	
  a	
  unit	
  account,	
  it	
  provides	
  the	
  way	
  in	
  which	
  
prices	
  and	
  other	
  economic	
  values	
  are	
  recorded.	
– As	
  a	
  store	
  of	
  value,	
  it	
  provides	
  a	
  way	
  of	
  
transferring	
  purchasing	
  power	
  from	
  the	
  present	
  to	
  
the	
  future.
Central	
  Bank	
•  An	
  insItuIon	
  designed	
  to	
  oversee	
  the	
  banking	
  
system	
  and	
  regulate	
  the	
  quanIty	
  of	
  money	
  in	
  
the	
  economy.	
•  Central	
  bank	
  has	
  two	
  related	
  jobs.	
– The	
  first	
  is	
  to	
  regulate	
  banks	
  and	
  ensure	
  the	
  
health	
  of	
  the	
  banking	
  system.	
– The	
  second	
  and	
  more	
  important	
  job	
  is	
  to	
  control	
  
the	
  quanIty	
  of	
  money	
  that	
  is	
  made	
  available	
  in	
  
the	
  economy,	
  called	
  the	
  money	
  supply.
Monetary	
  policy	
•  Decisions	
  by	
  policy	
  makers	
  concerning	
  the	
  
money	
  supply	
  consItute	
  monetary	
  policy.	
•  Central	
  bank’s	
  primary	
  tool	
  is	
  the	
  open	
  market	
  
operaIons.	
– If	
  the	
  FOMC	
  decides	
  to	
  increase	
  the	
  money	
  
supply,	
  central	
  bank	
  creates	
  dollar’s	
  and	
  uses	
  
them	
  to	
  buy	
  government	
  bond’s	
  from	
  the	
  public	
  
in	
  the	
  naIon’s	
  bond	
  markets.	
  
How	
  do	
  money	
  transmit	
  to	
  the	
  public	
  

by	
  monetary	
  policy?
Transmission	
  mechanism	
  of	
  

monetary	
  policy	
Central	
  bank	
Bank	
Bank	
Bank	
Bank	
	
Open	
  Market	
Company	
Company	
Individual	
individual	
Government	
  bond	
Money	
 lending	
Principal	
  and	
  interests	
TradiIonal	
  monetary	
  policy
9	
金融政策波及経路	
オペレーション	
中央銀行当座預金	
オーバーナイト金利	
貸出供給	
 資産価格	
 為替レート	
担保価格	
総支出	
予想物価上昇率	
中長期金利	
実質長中長期金利	
相対資産価格	
金利チャネル	
信用チャネル	
為替チャネル	
マネタリストチャネル	
量的緩和チャネル
InflaIon	
  targeIng	
•  Under	
  inflaIon	
  targeIng	
  ,	
  central	
  bank	
  would	
  
announce	
  a	
  target	
  for	
  a	
  the	
  inflaIon	
  rate	
  and	
  
then	
  adjust	
  the	
  money	
  supply	
  when	
  the	
  actual	
  
inflaIon	
  rate	
  deviates	
  from	
  the	
  target.	
•  In	
  addiIon,	
  an	
  inflaIon	
  target	
  has	
  the	
  poliIcal	
  
advantage	
  of	
  being	
  easy	
  to	
  explain	
  to	
  the	
  
public.
2013/07/21	
QuanItaIve	
  easing (QE)	
  
•  QuanItaIve	
  easing (QE)	
  is	
  an unconvenIonal	
  monetary	
  
policy used	
  by central	
  banks to	
  sImulate	
  the	
  naIonal	
  
economy	
  when	
  convenIonal	
  monetary	
  policy	
  has	
  become	
  
ineffecIve.	
  
•  A	
  central	
  bank	
  implements	
  quanItaIve	
  easing	
  by	
  
buying financial	
  assets from commercial	
  banks and	
  other	
  
private	
  insItuIons	
  with newly	
  created	
  money in	
  order	
  to	
  
inject	
  a	
  pre-­‐determined quanIty of	
  money	
  into	
  the	
  economy.	
  	
  
•  This	
  is	
  disInguished	
  from	
  the	
  more	
  usual	
  policy	
  of	
  buying	
  or	
  
selling government	
  bonds to	
  keep	
  market	
  interest	
  rates	
  at	
  a	
  
specified	
  target	
  value.QuanItaIve	
  easing	
  increases	
  
the excess	
  reserves of	
  the	
  banks,	
  and	
  raises	
  the	
  prices	
  of	
  the	
  
financial	
  assets	
  bought,	
  which	
  lowers	
  their yield.	
  

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20121124 経済英語ディスカッション

  • 2. 2 Ten  Principles  of  Economics     Ⅰ.How  People  Make  Decisions.   1:People  Face  Trade-­‐offs.   2:The  Cost  of  Something  Is  What  You  Give  Up    to  Get  It.   3:RaIonal    People  Think  at  the  Margin.   4:People  Respond  to  IncenIves.     Ⅱ.How  People  Interact.   5:Trade  Can  Make  Everyone  BeNer  Off.   6:Markets  Are  Usually  a  Goodway  to  Organize  Economic  AcIvity.   7:Governments  Can  SomeImes  Improve  Market  Outcomes.     Ⅲ.How  the  Economy  as  a  Whole  Works   8:A  Country's  Standard  of  Living  Depends  on  its  Ability  to  Produce  Goods  and  Services.   9:Prices  Rise  When  the  Government  Prints  Too  Much  Money.   10:Society  Faces  a  Short-­‐Run  Trade-­‐off  between  InflaGon  and  Umemployment.      
  • 3. What  is  money? What  is  the  role  of   money?
  • 4. Money  in  economcis •  The  term  money  refers  to  assets  that  people   regularly  use  to  buy  goods  and  services. – As  a  medium  of  exchange,  it  provides  the  item   used  to  make  transacIon. – As  a  unit  account,  it  provides  the  way  in  which   prices  and  other  economic  values  are  recorded. – As  a  store  of  value,  it  provides  a  way  of   transferring  purchasing  power  from  the  present  to   the  future.
  • 5. Central  Bank •  An  insItuIon  designed  to  oversee  the  banking   system  and  regulate  the  quanIty  of  money  in   the  economy. •  Central  bank  has  two  related  jobs. – The  first  is  to  regulate  banks  and  ensure  the   health  of  the  banking  system. – The  second  and  more  important  job  is  to  control   the  quanIty  of  money  that  is  made  available  in   the  economy,  called  the  money  supply.
  • 6. Monetary  policy •  Decisions  by  policy  makers  concerning  the   money  supply  consItute  monetary  policy. •  Central  bank’s  primary  tool  is  the  open  market   operaIons. – If  the  FOMC  decides  to  increase  the  money   supply,  central  bank  creates  dollar’s  and  uses   them  to  buy  government  bond’s  from  the  public   in  the  naIon’s  bond  markets.  
  • 7. How  do  money  transmit  to  the  public  
 by  monetary  policy?
  • 8. Transmission  mechanism  of  
 monetary  policy Central  bank Bank Bank Bank Bank Open  Market Company Company Individual individual Government  bond Money lending Principal  and  interests TradiIonal  monetary  policy
  • 10. InflaIon  targeIng •  Under  inflaIon  targeIng  ,  central  bank  would   announce  a  target  for  a  the  inflaIon  rate  and   then  adjust  the  money  supply  when  the  actual   inflaIon  rate  deviates  from  the  target. •  In  addiIon,  an  inflaIon  target  has  the  poliIcal   advantage  of  being  easy  to  explain  to  the   public.
  • 11. 2013/07/21 QuanItaIve  easing (QE)   •  QuanItaIve  easing (QE)  is  an unconvenIonal  monetary   policy used  by central  banks to  sImulate  the  naIonal   economy  when  convenIonal  monetary  policy  has  become   ineffecIve.   •  A  central  bank  implements  quanItaIve  easing  by   buying financial  assets from commercial  banks and  other   private  insItuIons  with newly  created  money in  order  to   inject  a  pre-­‐determined quanIty of  money  into  the  economy.     •  This  is  disInguished  from  the  more  usual  policy  of  buying  or   selling government  bonds to  keep  market  interest  rates  at  a   specified  target  value.QuanItaIve  easing  increases   the excess  reserves of  the  banks,  and  raises  the  prices  of  the   financial  assets  bought,  which  lowers  their yield.