Floor Finishing Guide

FLOOR FINISH
Compiled by : FD Architects Forum
Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment
Bhawani Singh Road
C-scheme , Jaipur -302001
Rajasthan ( INDIA)
Ph. 91-0141-2743536
Email: architect@frontdesk.co.in
Web : http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/

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FLOOR FINISHING
 Among the factor that will influence the
selection of floor finishing are as follows:
a) Function of the floor
b) Price
c) Maintenance
d) Comfortable

TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHING
 Concrete flooring (Vaccum Dewatered )
 Terrazzo (marble Chips ) Flooring
 Glazed Ceramic Tile
 PVC sheet (tile) Flooring ( Vinyl Flooring)
 Carpet
 Marble
 Wood – parquet
 Mosaic
 Timber
 Rubber flooring
 Linoleum flooring

 A good finishing will have the following
characteristic:
a) look attractive / beautiful
b) comfortable & safe
c) long lasting and able to prevent
- high temperature
- fungi
- chemical corrosion

Vaccum Dewatered
Flooring (VDF)
Benefits
1. Compressive strength of floor increases
by up to 60%
2. Tensile strength increases by @ 70%
3. Cement consumption is reduced to the
extent of 40%, no cement is required
separately for finishing the surface.
4. Abrasion resistance of the floor
increases by @ 60% resulting in less
wear and rear of the floor surface
5. Shrinkage of concrete is reduced and
floor wraps less.
6. Elimination of curling
Elimination of Curling

Vaccum Dewatered
Flooring (VDF)
SCHEMATIC SHOWING VACUUM
DEWATERING PROCESS
In this system, concrete is poured in place & vibrated
with a poker vibrator. Then a screed vibrator is run
over the surface, supported on channel shuttering
spaced 4.0 meters apart. The screed vibrator is run
twice to achieve optimum compaction & leveling.
After this a system of lower mats & top mat is laid on
the green concrete & this is attached to a vacuum
pump. This draws out excess water.
A: Double Beam Screed
Vibrator
B : Groove Cutting
Machine
C: Power Floater Cum
Trowel
D : Vacuum Pump

TERRAZO (MOSAIC) TILES
Terrazo as in situ and tile floors were once very popular in India and
are still being used in middle class houses. However, unless the tiles
are made of proper constituents and are well cured, they tend to get
pitted. It also requires polishing after it is laid so that enough time
should be given at the planning stage itself for its laying with respect
to the time of completion of the building.
Coarse aggregate Binder Fine aggregate
white or
coloured
marble chips
cement
(grey
white or
coloured)
marble powder
(or magnesite
powder
Terrazo
decorative
concrete

Sizes of terrazo tiles. Terrazo tiles should conform to IS 1237-1959.
The nominal sizes (together with the joints) are as follows:
1. 200 mm x 200 mm with 20 mm total thickness
1. Absorption test
TEST
2. Abrasion test (resistance to wear)
3. Transverse strength test on dry tiles
4. Transverse strength test on tiles after
immersion in water for 24 hours

1. Absorption test
2. Abrasion test (resistance to wear)
Full-sized tiles are immersed in water and the absorption of water is
to be determined as a percentage absorption.
As per Appendix A of IS 1237-1959 titled "Cement concrete flooring
tiles".
The test is conducted on a 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm (50 sq. cm) specimen cut
from the tile. After it is abraded in the machine by 200 revolutions in the
prescribed manner, the loss in weight is determined. The wear in
thickness is calculated by weighing the tiles before and after the test as
follows:

3. Transverse strength test on dry tiles
4. Transverse strength test on tiles after
immersion in water for 24 hours
In this test, full-size tiles are tested on a span indicated in below Table
and loaded at midpoint. The modulus of rupture should not be less than
3 N/mm2 for dry specimen and loss in modulus of rupture should not be
more than one third in specimen tested after 24 hours of submersion in
water. They are tested with wearing surface as the upper surface.

RESILIENT FLOOR
MATERIALS
The word "resilient" means able to bring back to
the original form after compression or stretching.
Floors such as rubber floors, linoleum floors, PVC
floors are called resilient floors.
Such floors are used in places where we want to
reduce noise to the minimum level as in libraries,
computer rooms, office rooms, etc. and also
where we want electrically-insulated floors.

Linoleum (IS 653-1962)
In modern buildings, the use of
vinyl has replaced linoleum,
but on occasion, linoleum
floors can still be found in
older facilities.
 Linoleum was composed of
oxidized linseed oil, resins,
embedded cork, and wood
flour with pigments pressed
on a backing.
It is available in rolls of width about 1.80 meters or 3.60 meters. The thickness
varies from 2mm to 6mm. Linoleum flooring is also available in form of tiles.
Linoleum flooring should be laid over an effective damp-proof area.

Its properties included in a remarkable
degree of resiliency. Next to cork and
rubber, and of course, padded
carpeting, linoleum is considered to
have the greatest degree of resiliency.
Linoleum was quite durable, was resistant
to oil and grease, and do not shrink.
The negative aspects of linoleum was that
it is highly susceptible to water. The
linoleum would absorb water and
would then soften, causing it to lose its
abrasion resistance and become more
susceptible to indentation. Even high
humidity would have a negative effect
upon this material.
Linoleum floor

Rubber Floors
All modern rubber floors are made
from synthetic rubber, such as
styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).
Rubber tiles are cured or
vulcanized by the application of
heat. Rubber floors are
nonporous, waterproof surfaces.
One major advantage is that they
are quite resilient and will remain
resilient over a considerable
temperature range.

Rubber flooring is susceptible to
alkalines, oils, grease,
solvents, ultraviolet light, and
ozone in the air. When attacked
by these components, a rubber
floor will often become tacky
and soft. It will then become
brittle and begin to crack and
powder.
Rubber Floors
Rubber tiles often have knobs n the surface or will have a
tread pattern to improve traction, especially if liquids are
frequently spilled on the surface.

Vinyl Floors (IS 3492-1966)
There are several types of vinyl floorings and tiles.
The major varieties include vinyl composition
tiles, homogeneous or flexible vinyl tiles, and
laminated vinyl flooring.

Laminated vinyl flooring is less expensive to manufacture
than vinyl composition or homogeneous vinyl floors. The
low initial cost may be deceiving, however, for once the
top wear layer is worn through, the floor will have to be
replaced. Some laminated floorings are only guaranteed
for three years with moderate use. The cost of laminated
vinyl flooring will vary in proportion to the thickness of the
top vinyl wear layer.
Vinyl Floors
In addition to the vinyl resins, vinyl composition
tiles contain mineral fillers such as asphalt and
pigments. Homogeneous vinyl tiles may either be
flexible or solid, and it has become the preferred
standard for resilient tile flooring. It is practically
unaffected by moisture, oils, and chemical
solvents.

Cork Tile
Cork tile is made from the outer
bark of cork oak trees grown in
Spain and Portugal. The cork is
ground into large granules,
mixed with synthetic resins, and
pressed into sheets, which are
then cut into tiles. Contemporary
cork tiles for floors usually have
a top layer of clear vinyl applied
to them. This vinyl layer protects
the cork from staining and wear.

Cork tiles traditionally have had limited application in industrial
or institutional settings. One reason is that cork is
susceptible to staining because it is one of the most porous
of all floor coverings. Another limitation is that it is not
durable; it is highly susceptible to abrasion. Cinders, sand,
and gravel tracked on to a cork floor will severely shorten its
life span. Finally, it is expensive.
Cork Tile

Carpet is typically installed wall-to-wall
to eliminate the maintenance of hard
flooring surfaces around the edge of
a carpet. Rugs, on the other hand,
are often used to accentuate a tile or
wood floor. In areas where there is
heavy foot traffic, rugs can be used
to equalize wear and help prevent
tracking onto other floor coverings.
Carpet Floors
Carpet offers a number of benefits over hard and resilient flooring
materials. Carpet prevents slipping; it provides an additional source of
insulation, it has acoustical properties that can effectively lower noise
levels; and it is the most resilient of all floor coverings, which is a major
benefit to individuals who must remain on their feet for extended
periods.

Wood Floors
There is nothing quite as attractive as the warmth and richness of
wood floors. Most hardwood floors are made from oak, but
other popular woods include ash, beech, birch, hickory,
maple, teak, and walnut. In addition to its attractiveness,
hardwood floors are extremely durable if they are properly
finished and maintained.

Unfinished wood floors will quickly deteriorate under
even light use, as wood is an extremely porous
material.
Unfinished woods are susceptible to dirt lodging in the
grains, splintering of the wood fibers, abrasions caused
by normal foot traffic, and of course, moisture, the bane
of wood floors. Too much moisture will cause a wood
floor to warp, while too little humidity will cause wood
floors to shrink and crack.
To help forestall damage, most wood floors made today
receive factory applied finish. In some instances the
wood is heated to open the pores of the wood. Tung oil
and carnuba wax are then applied to seal the wood.
Wood Floors

Since there is a degree of resiliency in even the
hardest of hardwood floors, precautions should
be taken to protect the floor from furniture legs
that may dent the flooring. Wood floors are
particularly susceptible to metal or hard plastic
rollers and to those small metal domes that are
often found on the legs of office furnitures
Wood Floors

Wood Floor

Parquet
 Parquet flooring is a floor composed of short
strips or blocks of wood forming a pattern,
sometimes with inlays of other woods or other
materials
 Parquet flooring is a series of wood flooring
pieces that create a geometric design.
 Parquet offers a variety of design options
 Timber used for Parquet floor is Jati & Kempas

Parquet Pattern

Parquet Floor

Installing parquet

Glass
 Glass is a practical and beautiful material that is strong enough
to be used structurally, even as flooring.
Floor panels are usually manufactured from two or more layers
of annealed glass laminated together.
Sandblasting or screen printing to the top surface not only gives
anti-slip properties but also design opportunities.

Glass flooring

Glass block flooring

Glazed ceramic tile
Glazed ceramic tiles are made from special ceramic clay
in two operations
Biscuits
the body of tile is made and
fired at 1200 To 1300 c
Glazed
Biscuits are then coated with
glazed , decorations etc. and
again fired in oven to opaque
glazing
Morbi, the most promising ceramic tiles manufacturing hub of India, is a
city located in Saurashtra region of Gujarat.
Major brands are :
Kajaria Johnson Somany
Nitco Asian Bell Ceramics
Varmora

Vitrified tile
When Special Clay is mixed with quartz and feldspar and burned to
very high temperatures . These extra ingredients melt, creating a glass
element inside the tile. This glass component makes the vitrified files very
hard and resistant to any type of absorption.
This word ‘Vitrified Tiles’ is simply a type tile with very low water absorption.
And this property makes vitrified tiles acid/alkali/chemical resistant, impairs a
greater strength & makes it stain resistant.
In fact vitrified tiles again falls into several sub categories as below…
1.Soluble salt:
2.Full body vitrified tiles:
3.Nano polished Vitrified tiles:
4.Glazed Vitrified tiles (GVT):
Soluble salt: Vitrified tiles that are printed with
screen printing technology and then polished
are called soluble salt. The design of soluble
salt tiles is subject to fade away after wear &
tear of few years.

Vitrified tile
Full body vitrified tiles: This type of
vitrified tiles has color all the way
throughout the body (thickness) of the tile.
Because of this scratches are less
noticeable in this type of tiles. Full body
vitrified tiles are formed with the paint
mixture pre-added while making the body.
Nano polished Vitrified tiles: If we apply
a layer of liquid silica on vitrified tiles then it
fills the micro (nano) pores on the tiles
surface and makes it smoother in feel. This
type of tiles is called nano polished vitrified
tiles.

Vitrified tile
Glazed Vitrified tiles (GVT): Some
companies in Morbi (like Italica)
manufacturers vitrified tiles with glazed
surface; it is called Glazed Vitrified
Tiles (GVT). Main advantage with GVT
is it offers option of making any type of
design/art work that is only possible in
this type of vitrified tiles. Many type of
textures (like wooden, bamboo, slate or
stone) are possible in GVT.

Vitrified tile
BREAKING
STRENGTH
WATER
ABSORPTION
ABRASION
RESISTENCE
CHEMICAL
RESISTENCE
BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS

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