1. How do geographers look at the world?
How do geographers map the world around them?

2. Cartography is the science of creating maps.
“Carto” means paper and “graphy” means
writing. The science and practice of map
making is paper-writing.
The first maps were created thousands of
years ago and have since become elaborate
technological wonders.

3.  Geographers use maps to display more than just
locations and shapes.
 Maps can display social data such as whether a
carbonated product is either “soda” or “pop.”
 Type into Google a search for “soda vs. pop” and
view the results.
 This leads us to the genres and types of maps…

4. There are two major genres of maps
• Reference
 Used to identify locations and places and their geographical
features
 Example: Topographic maps, road maps, regional maps
• Thematic
 Used to show space, patterns, distribution, movement, and
relative location
 Example: Map showing elk migrations across Canada, map
identifying income levels, soda vs. pop

5. • Right now you have a map in your mind of
how to get to the nearest shopping mall, or
how to get to your friend’s house, or how to
get to school. These maps are called mental
maps.
• These places (malls, houses, schools) are
activity spaces. Activity spaces are places we
perform our day to day activities.

6. • The skill of reading a map is not something we are
born with.
• You must understand the characteristics of most
maps:
– Title (Name for the map)
– Key/Legend (Explanatory table of symbols)
– Orientation/Compass (Identifies cardinal directions)
– Scale (the unit and size of measurement on the map)
– Credited sources (source of data)
– Purpose (why is the map important?)

7. Scale is an important part of any map. Scale
dictates how much detail should be placed on
a small piece of paper.
There are three different types of scales
• Graphical scale-
• Fractional scale (representative fraction) ex. 1:10,000
• Verbal scale- “One inch equals 1,000 miles”

8. Locating Places on Earth

9. Latitude lines run east to west but measure distances north and south of the
Equator (0°). Also called parallels.
The Equator splits the Earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.
Equator
Places located north of the Equator have a north latitude(N) address.
Places located south of the Equator have a south latitude(S) address.

10. Longitude lines run north to south but measure distances west to east
of the Prime Meridian (0°). Also called meridians.
The Prime Meridian and the 180° line split the Earth into eastern and
western hemispheres.
Prime Meridian (0°)
Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east longitude (E) address.
Places located west of the Prime Meridian have a west longitude (W) address.

11. Prime Meridian
Equator
Longitude
Latitude

12. Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Equator

13. Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere
Prime Meridian

14.  Coordinates provide the absolute location of a specific
reference point.
 Coordinates are written with latitude first then longitude.
 Coordinates are labeled based on a point’s location in the
N, S, E, or W hemispheres.
 The grid of latitude and longitude is broken down into
degrees°, minutes’, and seconds’’.
 There are many ways to present coordinates:
• Degrees, minutes, and seconds 65° 24' 12.1674", 8° 10' 26.508"
• Degrees and decimal minutes 65 24.2028, 8 10.4418
• Decimal degrees 65.40338, 8.17403

15. Prime Meridian
Equator
Longitude
Latitude
New York City Coordinates:
41°8′44″N 73°59′42″W
Beijing Coordinates:
39.9100° N 116.4000° E
Sydney Coordinates:
-33.86148, 151.20548

16. At this time pause this lesson and
return to the Moodle and
complete the Coordinate
Assignment
Return to the lesson when
completed

17.  Longitude is an important tool used to calculate
time because the Earth (a sphere) is broken into
360° of longitude.
 We let every 15° of longitude equal one time
zone and we end up with 24 time zones, or, one
for each hour of an Earth day.
 An international committee declared Greenwich,
England as the master reference time for all of
Earth. This is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

18.  When you cross the International Date Line
(follows 180° longitude for the most part) you
either go back one day (moving eastward) or
forward one day (moving westward).
 This means it can be 10am on Tuesday in
Honolulu, Hawaii while at the same time it is 6am
on Wednesday in Sydney, Australia.
 Some countries have elected to move either east
or west of the date line. See the following map:
International
Date Line
Greenwich
Mean Time
(GMT or UTC)

19. • Cartography is the science of making maps
• There are two genres of maps: reference and thematic
• Mental maps are parts of the world you memorize to live in
your activity spaces
• Most maps have six essential characteristics
• Most maps use a coordinate grid system of latitude and
longitude (N, S, E, W hemispheres)
• The Earth is divided into 24 time zones around the Prime
Meridian (Greenwich Mean Time) and the 180° longitude
(International Date Line).

20.  Cartography
 Reference Maps
 Thematic Maps
 Mental Maps
 Activity Spaces
 Characteristics of Maps
 Latitude
 Parallels
 Equator
 Hemispheres
 Longitude
 Meridians
 Prime Meridian
 Coordinates
 Time Zones
 Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
 International Date Line

21. Maps:
Image: Public Domain-
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_
-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg
Scale:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_scale_-_8km,_5mi.png
Latitude and Longitude:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_Atlantic.svg
Latitude:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latitude_lines.svg
Longitude:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitude_(PSF).png
Globe:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg
Hemispheres:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg
Hemispheres 2:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg
Application:
Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg
Telling Time Continued:
Image- Public Domain: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_time_zones_of_the_world.png