Introduction to dosage form

06-08-2020ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga
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TITLE
Introduction to Dosage form

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Name: Kirandeep Kaur
Designation: Assistant Professor
Department: Pharmaceutics
E-mail: kirandeepkaur@isfcp.org

CONTENTS
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 Introduction
 Classifications
 Solid dosage forms
 Liquid dosage form
 Semisolid dosage form
 New drug delivery system
 Implants
 Films & Strips
 Liposomes
 Controlled drug delivery System
 Erythrocytes
 Nanoparticles
 Prodrugs

INTRODUCTION
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 Drug (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients): Chemical compound intended
for used in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease.
OR
The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is the part of any drug that
produces its effects.
 Excipients:
 Do not increase or affect the therapeutic action of the active ingredient.
 Inactive ingredients may also be referred to as inert ingredients, and
generally have no pharmacological effect.
 Examples of inactive ingredients include binding materials, dyes,
preservatives, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, coloring agents etc.
 Dosage form (Medicines): API + Excipients
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of
action within the body.

IMPORTANCE OFDOSAGE FORMS
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 Provide safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage. Example: Tablets,
Capsules, Syrups.
 Protection of a drug substances from atmospheric oxygen or moisture.
Example: Coated capsules, Sealed Ampules.
 Protection of a drug substances from gastric acid after oral administration.
Example: Enteric coated tablets.
 Conceal bitter taste, or odor of a drug substances. Example: Capsules, coated
tablets, flavored syrups.
 Provide liquid preparation of drug that insoluble or unstable in the desired
vehicle. Example: Suspension
 Provide liquid dosage forms of substances soluble in desired vehicle.
Example: Solution.

IMPORTANCE OFDOSAGE FORMS
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 Provide optional drug action from topical administration sites. Example:
Ointment, Cream, Ear and Nasal preparations.
 Provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifices. Example:
Rectal and Vaginal suppositories.
 Provide extended drug action through controlled release mechanisms.
Example: Controlled release tablets, Capsules.
 Provide for the placement of drugs within body tissues. Example: Implants.
 Provide for the optimal drug action through inhalation therapy. Example:
Inhalants.
 Many dosage forms can be easily identified from their distinct color, shape
and identifying markers.

CLASSIFICATION OFDOSAGE FORMS
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CLASSIFICATION
SOLID DOSAGE FORM LIQUID DOSAGE FORM SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM
Unit Dosage Form Bulk
Tablets
Capsules
Powders
Pills
Biphasic Dosage Form Monophasic Dosage Form
Internal External
Fine Powders
Granules
Dusting Powders
Insufflations
Dentifrices
Snuffs
Emulsion
Suspension
Internal External
Syrups
Elixirs
Linctuses
Drops
Liniments
Lotions
Gargles
Throat Paints
Mouth Washes
Sprays
Eye Lotions
Eye Drops
Nasal Drops
Internal External
Suppositories
Pessaries
Ointments
Creams
Pastes
Jellies

SOLID UNITDOSAGE FORMS
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Tablets: A tablet is solid unit dose of one or more
medicament. Prepare by compression or mould
method.
Common excipients used in tablet are :
• Diluents – Provide bulkiness of tablet.
• Disintegrates – To ensure that the tablet breaks up in
the digestive tract.
• Binder – Important for granulation of powder.
• Glidants and Lubricants – Provide good flow and
ensure efficient tabletting.
• Sweeteners and Flavors – To mask the taste of APIs.
• Pigments – To mask uncoated tablets visually
attractive.
A coating may be applied to mask taste, smooth tablet
for easy swallow, expending shelf life, and prevent
gastric degradation of drug.

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Capsules: Solid unit dosage form that contain a solid,
semi-solid, and liquid fill and a gelatin shell.
Common excipients used in capsules are :
• Gelatin: Commonly used as gelling agent.
• Plasticizers: To ensure elasticity or mechanical
stability.
• Additional Additives: Preservative, coloring and
opacifying agents .
They are mainly two types are :
• Hard gelatin capsules used for dry powder
ingredients.
• Soft gelatin capsules used for semi-solid and for
active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in
oil.

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Pills:
• It is a solid oral dosage form which consists of
spherical masses prepared from one or more APIs
with inert excipients.
• Pills are now rarely used.
Powders: Meant for unit dosage form:
• Powders in the form of compressed tablets and tablet
triturate.
• Powders enclosed in cachets and capsules.

SOLID BULK DOSAGE FORMS (ForExternal Use)
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Dusting Powder: These powders are
generally applied in a very fine state of
subdivision to avoid local irritation. These
powders should be passed through a 80 no.
sieve to enhance their effectiveness.
Dusting powders are of two types:
• Medical Dusting Powders: These are
mainly used for superficial skin conditions.
These must be free from dangerous
pathogenic micro-organisms.
• Surgical Dusting Powders: These are used
in body cavities and also on major wounds
as a result of burns and umbilical cords of
infants. It must be sterilized before use.

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Insufflations: These are medicated dusting
powders meant for introduction into the body
cavities such as nose, throat, ears and vagina with
the help of an apparatus known as “Insufflator”. It
sprays the powder into a stream of finely divided
particles all over the site of application.
Snuffs: These are finally divided solid
dosage form s of medicament which are
inhaled into nostrils for its antiseptic,
bronchodilator and decongestion action.

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Dentifrices (Tooth Powders): These are applied with the help of a tooth brush for
cleaning the surface of the teeth. They contain a suitable detergent or soap, some
abrasive substances and suitable flavor.
The following is the common formula used for the dentifrices:
Dentifrices (Tooth Powders) (100g)
Calcium Carbonate 82g
Tricalcium Phosphate 12g
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 3g
Sodium Saccharin 0.2g
Flavor qs

SOLID BULK DOSAGE FORMS (ForInternal Use)
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Fine Powders (Oral Powders):
• Bulk Powders are multi dose preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles
of varying degrees of fineness.
• Contain one or more active ingredients, with or without excipients and, if
necessary, coloring matter and flavoring substances.
• Usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient
measures a dose by volume using a 5 ml medicine spoon.
Granules:
• The bitter, nauseous and unpleasant powders cannot be given in tablet form or in
a capsule because a large number of them are required to be taken in a single
dose .
• These powders are not given in liquid form because of stability problems. Such
medicaments are given in the form of granules.
• The drug is mixed with the sugar, flavoring agent and granulating agent to
prepare a coherent mass which is pass through a sieve to convert it into granules
and dried it.

SOLID BULK DOSAGE FORMS (ForInternal Use)
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Effervescent Granules: Effervescent granules Effervescent granules are the
specially prepared solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal use.
They contain a medicament mixed with citric acid, tartaric acid and sodium
bicarbonate. Sometime saccharin or sucrose may be added as a sweetening agent.
Before administration ,the desired quantity is dissolved in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react together producing effervescence. The carbonated water
produced from the release of carbon dioxide serves to mask the bitter and saline
taste of drugs. Moreover, carbondioxide stimulates the flow of gastric juice and
helps in the absorption of medicament.
Method of Preparation:
There are two methods of preparation of effervescent granules:
• Heat method
• Wet method

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS (Monophasic)
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Monophasic liquid dosage forms: Monophasic dosage form refers to liquid
preparation containing two or more components in one phase system, it is
represent by true solution.
A true solution is a clear homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving
solute in a suitable solvent.
The component of the solution which is present in a large quantity is known as
“Solvent” where as the component present in small quantity is termed as
“Solute”.

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Liquids meant for internal use:
1.Syrup: Simple syrup is a saturated solution of sucrose in purified water. The
concentration of sugar is 66% w/w. The syrups are sweet viscous preparations.
The syrup containing medicinal substances are called “Medicated syrups” and
those containing aromatic or flavored substances are known as “Flavored
Syrup”.
Simple Syrup (1000g)
Sucrose 667g
Purified Water qs
Ginger Syrup (1000ml)
Strong Ginger Tincture 50ml
Simple Syrup qs

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2.Elixirs: Elixirs are sweet aromatic preparations and are usually colored. The
main ingredients of elixirs are ethyl alcohol (4-40%), water, glycerin or
propylene glycol, flavoring agents, syrup and some suitable preservative. The
medicated elixirs usually contain some very potent drugs, such as, antibiotics,
antihistamines or sedatives. The flavoring elixirs are used as flavors and vehicles.
Simple Elixirs (1000ml)
Orange Tincture 75ml
Syrup 400ml
Chloroform Water qs
Piperazine Citrate Elixirs (1000ml)
Piperazine Citrate 180g
Simple Elixir qs

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3.Linctuses: Linctuses are viscous liquids and oral preparations
that are generally prescribed for the relief of cough. They
contain medicaments which have demulcent, sedative or
expectorant action. These should be taken in small doses. Sipped
and swallowed slowly without diluting it with water in order to
have maximum and prolonged effect of medicaments.
Codeine Linctuse (1000ml)
Codeine Phosphate 3g
Lemon Syrup 200ml
Benzoic Acid Solution 20ml
Chloroform Water 40ml
Comp. Tartrazine solution 10ml
Syrup qs

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4.Drops: These are liquid preparations meant for oral
administrations. The oil soluble vitamins, such as,
vitamin A and D concentrates in fish-liver oil are
presented as drops for administration. Since these
preparations contain potent medicament, the dose must
be measured accurately.
The following two methods are commonly used for
this purpose:
a) Use of a dropper which is accurately graduated n
fractions of a millilitre.
b) Use of a pre-calibrated dropper in which the
number of drops equivalent to the prescribed dose
of the particular preparation being administered is
known.

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Liquids meant for external use:
1.Liniments: Liniments are liquid and semi liquid
preparations meant for application to the skin.
Liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction
and rubbing of the skin. Liniments may be alcoholic or
oily solutions or emulsions. Alcohol helps in
penetration of medicament into the skin and also
increases its counterirritant or rubefacient action.
Ammoniated Camphor Liniment (1000ml)
Camphor 3g
Eucalyptus Oil 200ml
Ammonia Solution Strong 20ml
Alcohol(90%) 40ml

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2.Lotions: Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external
application without friction. They are applied direct to the skin
with the help of some absorbent material such as cotton, wool
or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local action as
cooling, soothing or protective purpose. They are generally
prescribed for antiseptic action.
Calamine Lotion (1000ml)
Calamine 150g
Zinc Oxide 50g
Bentonite 30g
Sodium Citrate 5g
Liquified Phenol 5ml
Glycerine 50ml

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3. Gargles: Gargles are aqueous solutions used to
prevent or treat throat infections. They are usually
available in concentrated for with direction for
dilution with warm water before use. They are
brought in to contact with mucous membrane of the
throat and are allowed to remain in contact with it
for a few seconds.
Potassium Chlorate Gargles (1000ml)
Potassium Chlorate 30g
Patent Blue V 0.009g
Liquified Phenol 15ml
Purified Water qs

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4. Mouth Washes: These are aqueous solutions with
a pleasant taste and odor used to make clean and
deodorize the buccal cavity. Generally they contain
antibacterial agents, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening
agents, flavoring agents and coloring agents.
Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash (1000ml)
Sodium Chloride 15g
Sodium Bicarbonate 10g
Peppermint Water qs

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5. Throat Paints: Throat paints are viscous liquid
preparations used for mouth and throat infections.
Glycerin is commonly used as a base adheres to
mucous membrane for a long period and it
possesses a sweet taste.
Iodine Throat Paint (1000ml)
Potassium Iodide 25g
Iodine 12.5g
Alocohol(90%) 40g
Purified Water 25g
Peppermint Oil 4ml
Glycerine qs

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6. Sprays: Sprays are preparations of drugs in media which may be aqueous,
alcoholic or glycerin. They are applied to the mucous membrane of nose or
throat with an atomizer. The throat-sprays must be sprayed from a special type
of atomizer known as “nebulizer”, which removes large droplets by a baffling
system. Only fine droplets are required so that they may reach the lungs.
Adrenaline & Atropine Spray (1000ml)
Adrenaline Acid Tartrate 8g
Atropine Methonitrate 1g
Papaverine Hcl 8g
Sodium Metabisulphite 1g
Chlorobutol 5g
Propylene Glycol 50ml
Purified Water qs

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7. Inhalations: These are liquid preparations containing
volatile substances and are used to relieve congestion
and inflammation of the respiratory tract. The
inhalations containing the volatile substances which are
volatile at room temperature may be placed on an
absorbent pad to inhale there from. In other cases
inhalations are added to hot, but not boiling water (about
65ºC) and vapours are inhaled for about 10 minutes.
Benzoin Inhalation (1000ml)
Benzoin Crushed 100g
Prepared Storax 50g
Alcohol (95%) qs

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8. Nasal Drops: These are solutions of drugs that are
instilled into the nose with a dropper. They are usually
aqueous and not oily drops. Nasal drops should be
isotonic having neutral pH and viscosity similar to
nasal secretions by using methyl alcohol.
Ephedrine Nasal Drops (1000ml)
Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0.5g
Chlorobutol 0.5g
Sodium Chloride 0.5g
Purified Water qs

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9. Eye Drops: These are sterile solution or
suspensions of drugs that are instilled in to the eye
with a dropper. The eye drops are usually made in
aqueous vehicle. It should be sterile isotonic with
lachrymal secretions, buffered and free from
foreign particles to avoid irritation to the eye.
The eye drops are generally prepared by
dissolving the medicament in the aqueous vehicle
containing one of the prescribed antimicrobial
substances and any other preservatives (phenyl
mercuric nitrate(0.002%), benzalkonium
chloride(0.01%) ) prescribed in the specific
monograph.

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10. Eye Lotion: These are the aqueous solutions used
for washing the eyes. The eye lotions are supplied in
concentrated form and are required to be diluted with
warm water immediately before use. It should be
isotonic and free from foreign particles to avoid
irritation to the eye.
Sodium Chloride Eye Lotion (1000ml)
Sodium Chloride 9g
Purified Water qs

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11. Ear Drops: These are the solutions of drugs that are
instilled in to the ear with a dropper. These are
generally used for cleaning the ear, softening the wax
and for treating the mild infections. The solution is
generally prepared in water, glycerin, propylene
glycol or dilute alcohol. However, vehicles like
glycerin and propylene glycol are preferred.
Sodium bicarbonate Ear Drops (1000ml)
Sodium Bicarbonate 5g
Glycerin 30ml
Purified Water qs

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS (Biphasic)
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Biphasic Liquid Dosage Form:
• The liquids which contains of two phases are known as biphasic liquids e.g.
Emulsion and Suspensions. This includes the undissolved drug and the solvent
system.
• Undissolved phase is distributed throughout the vehicle.
• In this preparation the phase is known as “dispersed phase” and the vehicle is
known as “dispersion medium”.
Emulsion
Suspension

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Emulsions:
 An emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparation containing two immiscible
liquids one of which is dispersed as minute globules into the other.
 The liquid which is converted into minute globules is called the ‘Dispersed
phase’ and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is called
‘Continuous phase’.
 Normally, two immiscible liquids cannot be dispersed for a long period. So,
an emulsifying agent is added to the system.
 It forms a film around the globules in order to scatter them indefinitely in the
continuous phase, so that a stable emulsion is formed.

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Emulsions: Emulsions can be classified
two types on the basis of the properties
of the dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium.
Oil in water (O/W): In this type of
emulsion, the oil will be the dispersed
phase and water will be the dispersion
medium. The best example for o/w
emulsion is milk.
Water in oil (w/o): In this type, water
will be the dispersed phase and oil will
be the dispersion medium. Margarine (a
spread used for flavoring, baking and
working) is an example of water in oil
emulsion.

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Suspension:
 Suspensions are biphasic liquid dosage forms
in which finely divided solid particles are
dispersed in a liquid.
 It consists of two phases, a dispersed phase
and continuous phase.
 The solid particles act as disperse phase
whereas liquid acts as a continuous phase.
 The medicaments that are insoluble or poorly
soluble are formulated as suspensions.
 Suspensions contain a suspending agent. A
suspending agent is a substance that is added
to the preparation to suspend the insoluble
particles in the preparation.

SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
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Semi-solid Dosage forms: Semisolid dosage forms: are products of semi-solid
consistency and applied to skin or mucous membranes for a therapeutic or
protective action or cosmetic function.
They may be medicated (containing therapeutic agents) or non-mediacated (used
for their physical effects as protectants , lubriants and emollients).
Semi-solids meant for external use:

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Ointment:
Ointments are semi-solid preparations meant for
application to the skin or mucous membrane.
They usually contain a medicament or medicament
dissolved, suspended or emulsified in the ointment
base.
The ointments are mainly used as protective or
emollient for the skin.
The medicated ointments are meant for action on
epidermis or for action on deeper layers of
cutaneous tissue or to penetrate deep and release
medicament to body fluids.
Ophthalmic ointments which are used for the eye
must be sterile and free from irritants.

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Creams: Creams are viscous semi-solid emulsions
which are meant for external use. The creams are of
two types, aqueous and oily creams. In case of
aqueous creams, the emulsions are oil-in-water and
in case of oily creams, the emulsions are water-in-oil
type. A suitable preservative is generally added in
aqueous creams which have the tendency to bacterial
and fungal growth.
Hydrocortisone Cream (1000g)
Hydrocortisone 10g
Cetomacrogol Ointment 300g
Chlorocresol 1g
Purified Water 689g

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Paste: Pastes are homogeneous semisolid dosage form contains high
concentration of insoluble powder substance (not less than 20%) dispersed in the
suitable base. They have good adhesion on skin. Pastes are less greasy and less
penetrating than ointments and do not flow at body temperature. They are used
mainly as antiseptic, protective or soothing dressings which are often spread on
lint before being applied.
Jellies: Jellies are transparent or translucent, non-greasy, semi-solid preparations
mainly used for external application to the skin. These are also used for
lubricating catheters, surgical gloves and rectal thermometers. The substances like
gelatin, starch, tragacanth, sodium alginate and cellulose derivatives are used in
the preparation of jellies. Theses are now becoming popular for contraceptives
purposes and contain surfactants to enhance the spermicidal properties of the
jelly.

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Semi-solids meant for internal use:
Suppositories: A suppository is a dosage form used to deliver medications by
insertion into a body orifice where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic
effects. There are three types of suppositories, each to insert into a different
orifice: Rectal suppositories into the rectum, vaginal suppositories into the vagina,
and urethral suppositories into the urethra of a male.

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Semi-solids meant for internal use:
Pessaries: A pessary is a prosthetic
device inserted into the vagina to
reduce the protrusion of pelvic
structures into the vagina. It can be a
route of administration of medication
and provides a slow and consistent
release of the medication. Pessaries
are of varying shapes and sizes. They
may cause vaginal ulceration if they
are not correctly sized and routinely
cleansed. Depending on locale,
pessaries can be fitted by health care
practitioners; in some countries,
pessaries may be available over the
counter.

NEWDRUG DELIVERYSYSTEM
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New Drug delivery System (NDDS) refers to the approaches, formulations,
technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the
body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects.
Aim of NDDS:
 To deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the
period of treatment, and target the active entity to the site of action.
 NDDS is advanced drug delivery system which improves drug potency,
control drug release to give a sustained therapeutic effect, provide greater
safety, finally it is to target a drug specifically to a desired tissue.
Some of modern dosage forms are:
1. Implants
2. Films and strips
3. Liposome drug carriers
4. Controlled drug delivery
5. Erythromycytes
6. Nanoparticles
7. Prodrugs

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1. Implants: The hypodermic tablets are placed
under the skin by a minor surgery in order to
release drugs over prolonged periods of time. Now
the magnetically controlled implants have been
developed which can be opened or closed at will in
order to release or stop the drug. The implants
which are in capsule form, consist of a body and a
cap. It can be opened by placing a magnet on the
skin and moving it in the desired direction. These
implants are placed in the upper thigh at a depth of
5 mm. These implants are useful in hormone
therapy. When AlNicor rod magnet is taped over the
skin immediately above the capsule, it will remain
open and release the medicament but the capsule
gets closed as soon as the magnet is removed.

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2. Films and Strips: These are meant for topical application for slow release of
drug over predetermined period of time. The films and strips which are becoming
popular these days are:
 Zero order release films
 Buccal strips
 Spray bandages
Zero Order Release Films: These films are called "laminates", and are meant for
topical applications. Nitroglycerin laminates are prepared by mixing propylene
glycol with about 1% carbopol resin. The mixture is neutralized with sodium
hydroxide solution and then 0.1% of nitroglycerin is added. It is then placed
between polythene sheets 5 x 5 cm and its edges are sealed by heat. It is then
placed on a pressure sensitive adhesive sheet of 5.5 x 5.5 cm so that it can be
properly adhesive to the skin. Such laminates release the drug (nitroglycerin)
slowly into circulation for about 12 hours. Similarly pilocarpine films are prepared
from acrylates and methacrylates.

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Buccal Strips: The buccal and sublingual tablets are now replaced with buccal
strips. These strips consist of a thin absorbent base of fabrics, filter paper and
cotton etc. The buccal strips are prepared by immersing a long piece of fabric made
from polyamide fibres into a molten mixture of carbowaxes and dissolved or
dispersed drug (around 20%). The fabric is then cooled and cut into smallpieces
(ideal dimension is 2 x 1 cm). The buccal strip is made in contact with buccal
mucosa for about15 minutes and then it is removed and discarded.
Spray Bandages: These bandages arc prepared by spraying the solution of drug in
polylactide (polymer of lactic acid anhydride). A 2% solution of purified lactide
polymer is made in chloroform and the drug in the concentration of 0.01% to 90%
is dissolved or dispersed in it. Such solution is then packed in an aerosol container
having a suitable propellant, such as, CF2C12 (Dichlom-difluro methane). When
this solution is sprayed, it will be a comfortable bandage which can be simply
washed off with warm water.

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Liposome Drug Carrier: Liposomes are
phospholipids which can transport both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Large
multilamellar vesicles (LMV), small unilamellar
vesicles (SUV) and large unilamellar vesicles
(LUV) are some of the liposomes which are
known today. By modifying the method of
preparation, it is possible to prepare different
liposomes. The small drug molecules get trapped
in liposomes, whereas large drug molecules can
also make hydrophobic or electrostatic bonding
with it. Liposomes are sometimes mixed with
cholesterol or ergosterol to change the
permeability of liposomes.

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Control Drug Delivery Modules: Controlled drug delivery modules are devices
which are formed by embedding the drug within a polymeric matrix so that it gets
reached slowly to the body over a very long period of time. The polymeric
matrices used to hold the drug reversibly are polyethylenes, silicone elastomers
and cellulose esters. The drug-polymer complex may be formulated into tablet,
capsule or any other suitable formulation. These controlled drug delivery modules
are punctured before administration with laser beam to make a small orifice of a
few microns in diameter for the release of the drug. The drug is released from
these modules by diffusion, osmosis or chemical reaction.

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Erythrocytes: Erythrocytes have also been tried in order to achieve controlled
release of drugs. The life span of an erythrocyte is about 120 days. Erythrocytes
can allow a drug to circulate in the body for a long time which helps in the slow
release of drug in serum. When the drug is encapsulated in erythrocytes, the drug
gets leaked out of its cell over to prolonged period of time. Moreover, it can be
sent to the specified sites.
Resealed erythrocytes are prepared by putting them into a hypotonic medium, so
that they can be swollen. The aqueous solution of the drug is added to the medium
so that the drug gets into erythrocytes through the open pores.

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Advantages of Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers:
 Their biocompatibility, no possibility of triggered immune response.
 Their biodegradability with no generation of toxic products.
 The considerably uniform size and shape of the carrier.
 Prevention of degradation of the loaded drug from inactivation by endogenous
chemicals .
 The wide variety of chemicals that can be entrapped .
 Attainment of steady-state plasma concentration decreases fluctuations in
concentration. The prevention of any undesired immune response against the
loaded drug.
 The large quantity of drug that can be encapsulated within a small volume of
cells ensures dose sufficiency .
Disadvantages:
 Possibility of clumping of cells and dose dumping may be there.
 Resealed erythrocytes technique as drug carrier is very promising but it is
difficult to arrange a large quantity of these erythrocytes.

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Nanoparticles: It is based on colloidal drug delivery system. The particle size of this
system is in nanometer range i.e. 200-500 mm. That is why they are called nanoparticles.
The system consists of a drug and a carrier to deposit the drug at the target site. Through the
manipulation of size, surface characteristics and material used, the nanoparticles can be
developed into smart systems, encasing therapeutic and imaging agents as well as bearing
stealth property. Further, these systems can deliver drug to specific tissues and provide
controlled release therapy. This targeted and sustained drug delivery decreases the drug
related toxicity and increase patient’s compliance with less frequent dosing.
Nanotechnology has proven beneficial in the treatment of cancer, AIDS and many other
disease, also providing advancement in diagnostic testing.
Applications:
 Flourescein isothiocyanate (FITEC) nanoparticles have been
used to incorporate cytotoxic agents into tumour cells in
cancer chemo-therapy.
 Nanoparticles along with biological maker like
immunoglobulins can be used to target the drugs to very
speCific sites.

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Prodrugs: The compounds which undergo biotransformation before showing desired
pharmacological activity are called prodrugs or proagents. Prodrugs are generally the
esters or amides of parent drugs. The prodrugs are useful in improving the solubility,
stability, bioavailability of drugs, masking the unpleasant taste and odour of the
parent drug and reducing the drug toxicity.
Applications:
1. Chloramphenicol palmitate, the prodrug of chioramphenicol is used in the
preparation of paediatric suspension because it has no bitter taste.
2. Procaine-penicillin G and Benzathine-penicillin G are prodrugs of penicillin G
which shows resistance to hydrolysis as com-pared to the parent drug.
3. Testosterone cypionate the prodrug of testosterone is long-acting in comparison to
the parent drugs when injected in an oil bas
4. Clindamycin 2-palmitate the prodrug of clindamycin has no bitter taste of the
parent drug.
5. Clindamycin 2-phosphate the prodrug of clindamycin cause little pain and
irritation at the site of injection when given by 1/m route as compared to its parent
drug.

THANKS
For Further Detail/Suggestions Please Contact
52
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
MOGA
(An Autonomous College)
Ghal Kalan, GT Road, Moga- 142001, (Pb.)
E- mail: director@isfcp.org
Website: www.isfcp.org

Introduction to dosage form

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