Health education ppt

Health Education By Ms. Deepa Ingawale
Health Education
Dr. Mrs. Deepa K. Ingawale (Mandlik)
Dept. of Pharmacology
Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune

Health and Disease

Health
• What is health?

Definitions of Health
• Health is multi-dimensional aspect
• It is the level of functional or metabolic
efficiency of a living organism.
• The WHO is defined Health as:
“A complete state of physical, mental, social
well-being and not merely the absence of
illness”

New philosophy of health
• It is a fundamental right.
• It is the essence of productive life.
• It is an integral part of development.
• It is central concept of quality of life.
• It involves individual state & international responsibility.
• Health & its maintenance is a major social investment.

Important factors for promoting &
maintaining good health
Good
Health
Fresh air,
light &
potable
water Balanced
diet,
Proper
shelter
Adequate
clothing,
Sanitation
Protection
from
diseases
Suitable
occupation
Adequate
physical
activity
Good and
simple habits
with freedom
& pleasure

Components of health
Health
Physical
Health
Mental
Health
Social
Health
Spiritual
Health

Physical health
• It refers to the perfect functioning of body.
• It includes good complexion, clean skin, bright eyes,
lustrous hairs, well clothed, clean breath, good
appetite, sound sleep, regular activity of bowel and
bladder, smooth & easy co-ordinated movements.

Mental health
• It is defined as a state of balance between individual &
surrounding world including the environment to make
personal & social adjustment.
• The WHO the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively
and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her
community"
• Various psychological problems can induces many types of
illnesses e.g. hypertension, coronary artery disease, peptic
ulcer, schizophrenia, psychosis, depression.

Social health
• It is defined as a quantity & quality of an individuals
that involves with the community.
• Habits, traditions, living conditions, economic tensions,
poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and adverse social
relations greatly affect the social health of an individual.

Spiritual health
• It is concerned with soul and health which evokes the good
spirit and right things keeps away from the bad activities.
• It is the supernatural power that contributes to the health of
an individual.
• Praying in the morning and evening are healthy signs of
spiritual health.

Health Education By Ms. Deepa Ingawale 12
Determinants of health

Indicators of Health
• These gives information regarding the health status of a
community.
• Useful in the measurement of health status of
community & for the comparison of health status.

Indicators of Health

Health Promotion
• “It is the science and art of helping people to change
their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal
health.
• It is a combination of health, education, economic,
political, spiritual or organizational initiative designed to
bring about positive attitudinal, behavioral, social or
environmental changes to improve the health of
populations.

Health Promotion includes …
• Promoting healthy lifestyles.
• Getting people involved in their own health care.
• Creating an healthy environment .
• Recognition of lifestyle diseases as major causes of
illness and death.
• Strengthening the community participation.

Health Promotion Programmes – Priorities
Life style
• Nutrition
• Physical activity
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Accidents
• HIV/AIDS
Noncommunicable diseases
(NCD)
• Prevention of CVD
• Prevention of cancer diseases
• Prevention of metabolic diseases
(obesity, diabetes)

Health education
• It is defined as a process of imparting information
about health in such a way that the people are
motivated to use the information for the protection
and promotion of health of individuals, their
families and communities.
• In a community doctor, nurse or pharmacist plays
the role of health educator.

Objectives of health education
• To cultivate the health practices and health habits.
• To develop the health attitudes.
• To appreciate the health programmes undertaken by the school
and community
• To develop the health consciousness in school & in community.
• To eradicate the diseases through health drive programs.
• To combat the superstitions and prejudices in the community.

Objectives of health education
• To provide a healthful environment for physical and mental
growth.
• To improve the general conditions of living in the community.
• To instruct the children and youth so as to conserve and
improve their own health.

Functional areas of health education
• It gives knowledge about structure and functions of human
body and tells how to keep the human body physically and
mentally fit, about exercise, rest, sleep, harmful effects of
alcohol, tobacco and action of drugs on the body.
• It gives knowledge regarding different nutrients present in
different type of food material and making balanced diet from
available food.
• It gives information regarding storage, preparation, cooking,
serving and eating of food.
• It gives knowledge regarding personal and environmental
hygiene.
• Personal hygiene includes bathing, washing, clothing, toilets,
and care of foot, nails, teeth, hairs, skin, spitting, coughing, and
sneezing.

Functional areas of health education
• Environmental hygiene includes cleaning, proper lighting and
ventilation of houses, supply of clean water, pest control,
disposal of sewage and waste material or excreta.
• It imparts knowledge about causes and protection form
environmental pollution.
• It gives knowledge about the best use of health services
provided by the government or voluntary organizations.
• It gives knowledge regarding various first aid services in
accident cases and handling of emergency situations like
delivery.
• It gives information regarding the causes of various common
diseases, their spread and protection from these diseases.

Method of health education
• Methods of group teaching:
• Lectures, Films, Charts, Radio, Television, Flash cards, Cinema slides,
Group discussions, Panel discussions, Symposium, Workshops,
Demonstrations, Role play and Drama
• Method of education of general public:
• Posters, Health magazines, Press, Films, Radio, Television, Health
exhibitions, Health museums, Songs, drams and Prabhat pheries

Disease
• What is disease?

Classification of Food

Nutrition
• The study of food and the substances they
contain
• “The process of providing or obtaining the food
necessary for health and growth”.

Food
• Food - derived from plant or animal sources
• Provide energy and nutrients
• Used by the body for maintenance, growth & repair
• Diet - the foods one consumes
• It is the sum of food consumed by a person.

The Study of Nutrients
• Nutrients – substances used by the body to:
1. Supply energy
2. Promote growth & repair of body tissues
3. Regulate different body processes

The Nutrients
Defined by:
1. Organic or inorganic
2. Essential or nonessential
3. Macronutrients or micronutrients
4. Energy-yielding

The Nutrients
• Chemical composition of nutrients
Inorganic Nutrients
Minerals
Water
Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Vitamins

The Nutrients
6 Classes of Essential Nutrients
»Carbohydrates
»Proteins
»Lipids
»Vitamins
»Minerals
»Water

The Nutrients
• Macronutrients are required by the body in relatively
large amounts (measured in grams)
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Lipids
• Micronutrients are required in small amounts
(measured in milligrams or micrograms)
• Vitamins
• Minerals

The Nutrients
Vitamins
 Organic
 Not energy-yielding
 Essential
 Water soluble vs. fat-soluble

The Nutrients
Minerals
 Inorganic
 Essential

The Nutrients
Water
 Inorganic
 Essential

The Nutrients
• Energy-Yielding Nutrients
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids

A balanced diet
Everyone, whether involved in sport or not, should try to eat a
healthy, balanced diet.
A balanced diet includes all the things that your body needs.
If you eat a balanced diet, you will
get the energy and nutrients
required to participate in exercise
and to recover from it quickly.
This pie chart shows the various
different food groups in their
recommended proportions.

A balanced diet
Energy in food comes in three main forms:
The body also requires vitamins, minerals, fibre and, of
course, water in order to function properly.
Fats
Proteins
Carbohydrates

A balanced diet

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy.
They come in two kinds:
Simple carbohydrates (sugars)
These can provide a lot of energy for immediate use.
Complex carbohydrates (starches)
These are good sources of energy.
The body can easily store energy from carbohydrates
for rapid use by the muscles, so they are
particularly important for athletes.

Carbohydrates
Foods containing carbohydrates
Fruit
Breads
Biscuits
Rice
Breakfast
cereals
Pasta
Potatoes
Root vegetables

Fats
Fats are also used for energy, but only when stores of
carbohydrate run low.
Fat contains more than
twice as much energy as
carbohydrates or proteins.
Fats supply the energy we need for endurance activities.

The two types of fat
There are two types of fats:
Unsaturated fats – these are usually found in
foods such as fish oils, cooking oils and
sunflower seed oil.
Saturated fats – these are usually found in foods
such as milk, butter, cheese and meat.
Saturated fats can be converted into cholesterol by the liver.
High blood cholesterol is linked to heart disease.
Do not need to
remember this

Fats
Foods containing fats
Butter
Margarine
Cooking oil
Meat
Sausages
Cakes
Cheese
Cream

Proteins
Proteins are used to generate energy only when the body has
exhausted its stores of carbohydrates and fats.
Our muscles and other tissues are made from proteins.
The body manufactures proteins from amino acids.

Proteins
Proteins are especially important for sports people who need
to build up large, powerful muscles.
Performers in sports like
weightlifting, rugby and
sprinting can benefit from
a protein-rich diet.
Proteins are also needed by performers who are recovering
from injury in order to repair damaged tissue.

Proteins
Foods containing proteins
Meat
Eggs
Lentils
Chick peas Nuts
Fish

Individual energy needs
Age – as you grow up and your body gets larger, it requires more
energy. However, after the age of about 40, your metabolism
slows down and you don’t need to eat as much.
The amount of energy required varies from person to person.
It depends on a number of factors:
Lifestyle – the more activity you do, the more energy you will
require.
Sex – males usually require more energy than females because
they tend to be more heavily built.
Size – larger people require more energy to keep their bodies
functioning and to move them around.

Individual energy needs per day (kcal)
Male (kcal) Female (kcal)
Child – 6 months 700 650
Child – 8 years 1970 1740
16 year-old 2700 2100
Adult working in
an office
2500 2150
Adult doing heavy
physical work
3350 2550
A retired person
aged 75 years
2150 1700

Vitamins
Your body needs vitamins to help it work normally.
Vitamins are needed for many functions including:
releasing energy from food
repair and growth of
tissues
resisting infection and
disease
regulating chemical
reactions in the body.
Fruit and vegetables contain a lot of vitamins.

Vitamins
Vitamin Found in Why is it needed
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin B1
Vitamin D
This table gives information about some important vitamins:
Eyesight, healthy
skin
Healthy teeth and gums,
avoiding scurvy
Breaking down
carbohydrates
Absorbing calcium and
phosphorous, avoiding
rickets
Animal products. Also
made in the body when the
sun shines on the skin
Whole-grain foods,
nuts and meat
Fruit (especially citrus
fruits) and vegetables
Fish, milk, vegetables,
eggs and cheese
Do not need to
remember this

Minerals
Minerals are basic elements that are found in the air and the
earth.
The body needs small amounts of certain minerals in order to
stay healthy.
Mineral Found in Why is it needed
Calcium
Iron
Iodine
Vegetables, dairy
products and dried fish
Red meat, liver, beans,
lentils and green
vegetables
Seafood and dairy
products
Keeping bones and
teeth hard
Making blood, preventing
tiredness and anaemia
Maintaining the
thyroid gland
Do not need to
remember this

Fruit, vegetables and whole-
grain cereals are good
sources of dietary fibre.
Fibre
Fibre is a cellulose. It is found in the cell walls of plants.
Fibre cannot be digested, but it is required
to aid the smooth working of our digestive system.
People who eat too little fibre often suffer from constipation and
may run a higher risk of bowel cancer.

Water
The body is mainly composed of water.
Approximately 60% of
an adult’s weight and
approximately 80% of a
child’s weight is made
up of water.
It is vitally important
that you drink
enough water.
Dehydration can
seriously damage
performance.
60%
80%

Nutrient Deficiencies
• A Nutrient Deficiency is a shortage of a nutrient
• If you do not get enough of a nutrient a deficiency
will result and poor health or lack of energy may
be the result
• The effects of some deficiencies take a long
time to show

VITAMIN C: Scurvy
 Scurvy can cause
bleeding gums, “cork
screw” hairs or bleeding
follicles, and bleeding
fingernails

PROTEIN: Kwashiorkor
 It is characterized by a
protruding abdomen due
to lack of proteins

IODINE: Goiter
 Lack of iodine can cause
thyroid gland to enlarge
and then produce a
goiter
 These can be painful and
uncomfortable
Thyroid

IRON: Anemia
 Low red blood cell count
 Leads to poor transport
of oxygen through the
blood

VITAMIN A: Night Blindness
 Unable to see properly at
night
 Things are viewed darker
than they really are

VITAMIN D: Rickets
 It is characterized by
bowed legs and bones

CALCIUM: Osteoporosis
 Lack of calcium will cause
bones to become brittle
and less dense than normal
bones

Getting Too Many Nutrients
• Poor nutrition can also result
from getting too many
nutrients
• Example: too much fat can lead to
heart disease and other problems
• Excess amounts of vitamins
and minerals can cause
serious harm to your body
• Example: too much vitamin A can
damage your liver
• Taking too many vitamin and
mineral supplements can cause
this

Family Planning
• Birth control is a method or device used to prevent
pregnancy.
• In young people, the pregnancies are at greater risk of
poor outcomes.
• Complete sex education and access to birth control
decreases the rate of unwanted pregnancies in this age
group.
• There are two methods of family planning.
• Temporary method
• Permanent method

Temporary method
• Barrier method:
• Physical method: Condom, Diaphragm and Vaginal
sponge
• Chemical method: Foam tablet, Contraceptives creams
and Jellies and Soluble tablets
• Intrauterine device (IUDs):
• Non-medicated IUDs
• Medicated IUDs: Metal containing IUDs and Hormone
containing IUDs

Temporary method
• Hormonal methods:
• Oral pills:
• Combined pill
• Progesterone only pill
• Post coital pill
• Once a month pill
• Male pill
• Slow release preparations:
• Injectable
• Subcutaneous implants
• Vaginal rings

Temporary method
• Post conceptional methods:
• Menstrual regulation
• Menstrual induction
• Abortion
•
• Natural methods:
• Sexual abstinence method
• Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal method)
• Safe period (Rhythm method)
• Breast feeding
• Birth control vaccine
• Basal body temperature method
• Cervical mucus method
• Vaginal washing method

Permanent methods
• Vasectomy (Male sterilization),
• Tubectomy (Female sterilization),
• Laparoscopy
• Medical termination of pregnancy

Male condom
• It is a barrier device commonly used during sexual
intercourse.
• It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks
ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual
partner.
• It is made up of very thin sheath of rubber latex or
silicon.
• It is one of the oldest and commonest methods of
contraception.

Male condom
• Advantages:
• Easy availability at commercial outlets.
• It is simple to use.
• It protects against HIV and other sexually transmitted
diseases.
• It does not require a prescription or examination.
• It is free of side effects.
• It is light; compact, easy to store and easy to dispose after
use.
• It is supplied free of cost at all family welfare centers.

Male condom
• Disadvantage:
• It may slip off or tear during intercourse.
• It decreases the sensation of intercourse.
• The failure rate is 14%.
• Latex condoms may cause itching who is allergic to latex
and/or lubricants.
• Condoms can weaken and may break during use if
stored for too long or in too much heat, sunlight or
humidity, or if used with oil-based lubricants
Male condom

Diaphragm
• It is a dome shaped device.
• It is a soft latex or silicone dome with a spring molded
into the rim.
• The spring creates a seal against the walls of the vagina.
• It is inserted into vagina before intercourse where it
covers the cervix completely and does not allow entry of
sperms into the uterus.
• A water-based lubricant (spermicide) may be applied to
the rim of the diaphragm to aid insertion.

Diaphragm
• Advantage:
• It does interfere with sexual intercourse.
• It is cheap.

Diaphragm
• Disadvantage:
• Training is require for use of it.
• One size does not fit for all women.
• Privacy is used for insertion of it into vagina.
• Does not provide as much protection against HIV as
condoms.
• After use it must be thoroughly washed, dried and stored
for further use.
• If proper hygiene is not maintained here are chances of
infection.
• Needs occasional refitting
• May increase risk of bladder infections.
• It should be used with spermicidal cream or jelly.

Vaginal sponge
• It is a soft, round barrier disposable device
containing spermicide.
• It is made of solid polyurethane foam and has a nylon
loop attached to the bottom for removal.
• It is a sponge soaked in chemical spermicide called as
monoxynol-9.
• The sponge is placed inside the vagina, over the cervix,
where it acts as a barrier.
• The sponge traps and absorbs the sperm, where they are
then disabled by the Spermicide.

Vaginal sponge
• Advantages:
• It does not contain hormones.
• It can be used by women who smoke or are
breastfeeding.
• It provides 12 hour protection.
• It can be used in combination with a male condom to
increase contraceptive effectiveness and protection
against sexually transmitted infections.

Vaginal sponge
• Disadvantage:
• It does not give protection against sexually transmitted
infections.
• Some women may find it difficult to insert or remove the
sponge, or may forget to remove it altogether.
• If the sponge is left in the vagina for too long, symptoms
of toxic shock syndrome may appear.
• It may cause vaginal irritation.
• It cannot be used by people who are allergic to spermicide.
• It must be available at time of intercourse.

Foam tablets
• These are the tablets which contain spermicidal agent
and are inserted deep into the vagina after moistening
with water, 5-10 minutes before the intercourse.
• The tablet will come in contact with the moisture present
in the vagina and produce thick foam which will reduce
the mobility of sperms and kill the sperm.
• These are more effective when used against condoms.

Foam tablets
• Advantage:
• Easy to use.
• They do not interfere with sexual pleasure.
• It is free of side effects.
• No prior medical examination is required.

Foam tablets
• Disadvantage:
• It is not effective method of contraception but will be
more effective when used along with condom.
• It may cause vaginal irritation or burning sensation.
• They should be inserted into vagina before 5-10
minutes.
• Deterioration takes place if they are not stopped
properly.

Contraceptives cream and jellies
• These are inserted into vagina in sufficient quantity with
the help of applicator before the intercourse.
• At body temperature the cream melts and spread in
vagina and provides a thin film of a chemical barrier.
• This chemical barrier destroys the sperms.
• These creams, jellies and aerosols foams are more
effective when used in combination with condom or
diaphragm.

• Advantage:
• Easy to use.
• No prior medical examination is necessary.
• They are more effective when used along with condom.
• Disadvantage:
• Alone these methods are not effective.
• They can be ineffective when used in insufficient quantity.
• It one hour lapsed from the time of application to the time
of intercourse; there may be a risk of pregnancy.
• It may cause vaginal irritation.

Soluble tablets
• These tablets contain spermicidal agents.
• They are inserted into manually in the vagina 5 minutes
before intercourse.
• At body temperature the tablet will melt and form a
solution which will release the spermicidal agent on the
mouth of the uterus.

Intrauterine device (IUDs)
• It is a small, T-shaped plastic device that is wrapped in copper
or contains hormones.
• It is inserted into uterus to prevent conception.
• A plastic wire is present at the end of IUD.
• There are 3 different types of IUD.
• Copper-bearing IUDs: These are made of plastic with copper
sleeves and/or copper wire on the plastic, such as TCu-380A
and MLCu-375.
• Hormone-releasing IUDs: These are made of plastic and
release small amounts of progesterone or other progestin
hormones, such as LNG-20 and Progestasert.
• Inert or unmediated IUDs: These are made of plastic or
stainless steel only. Lippes Loop and Chinese stainless steel
rings.

Copper-T
• It is made up of polythene and a copper wire is wrapped
around the stem of the device which enhances its
contraceptive effect.
• Tail of nylon thread is attached to these devices so that
IUD can be easily removed as and when pregnancy is
desired.
• The tail is soft and causes no discomfort to male.
• The device can remain in place for a number of years but
since copper can dissolve slowly, the copper-T device
may be replaced 3 to 5 years.

Mechanism of Copper-T
• Copper acts as a natural spermicide within the uterus.
• The presence of copper increases the levels of copper
ions, prostaglandins, and white blood cells within the
uterine and tubal fluids.
• It prevent the embedding of the fertilized ovum in the
uterus along with certain cellular and biochemical
changes in the uterus which are unfavourable for
gametes.
• The gametes cannot survive and fertilization is
prevented.

Copper-T
• Advantages:
• It is safe and cheap
• No hospitalization is required.
• Insertion is easy
• Once inserted effective for few years
• It is reversible method
• 1t provides protection from fear of pregnancy for at least
one year.
• No systemic side effects.
• It does not require daily administration

Copper-T
• Disadvantage:
• It may be painful at the time of
insertion or removal.
• It may be automatically expelled.
• Chances of various side effects.
• The device must be changed after
every three years.
• It cannot be used in certain
gynecological problem and
pregnancy condition.

Oral contraceptives (Oral pills)
• These are commonly known as oral pills which contains
small amount of estrogen and progesterone.
• It is suitable for young couples below 30 years of age.
• The pills prevent pregnancy by;
• Inhibiting the release of eggs from the ovaries
(ovulation).
• Thickening the cervical mucus thus preventing the
sperm from entering the uterus.
• Altering the inner environment of the uterus and
making it impossible for the egg to attach to the walls
of the uterus.

Types of pills
• Combined pills:
• The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often called as the birth-
control pill.
• It contains an estrogen (estradiol) 30-35 µg and a progestogen (progestin)
0.5-1 mg.
• It is given from 5th day of menstruation for 21 days.
• These are available in two forms Mala-D and Mala-N.
• They prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins
hormone.
• They inhibit follicular development and prevent ovulation as a primary
mechanism of action.
• Once a month pill:
• It contains long acting estrogen and short acting progesterone are used.
• It is given once a month.

Types of pills
• Progesterone only pill:
• This is also called as micro or mini-pill.
• It contains small amount of progesterone.
• It is taken daily by mouth.
• They inhibit sperm penetration through the cervix into the upper genital
tract (uterus and fallopian tubes) by decreasing the water content and
increasing the viscosity of the cervical mucus.
• Post coital pills:
• These are used immediately after unprotected intercourse.
• Two methods are used here.
• In one method 0.50 mg of diethyl stibesterol per day is given for 5 days.
• In another method an IUD is inserted within 3 to 5 days.

• Advantages:
• Pills make the periods lighter, regular and more manageable.
• Pills are easier to use than other contraceptive methods.
• Pills do not interrupt sex play.
• Fertility returns in few weeks’ time after stopping pills.
• Pills can be used at any age
• Pills are thought to reduce acne.
• Pills are used for emergency contraception.
• The risk of developing ovarian cysts is greatly reduced in pills users.
• Pills provide some protection against pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID).
• The pill can help prevent osteoporosis, a gradual weakening of the
bones.

• Disadvantage:
• Careful history and medical
examination is necessary before
starting the pills.
• It shows various side effects like
dizziness, headache, nausea,
vomiting, increase in weight,
tenderness of breast
• Birth control pill does not offer any
protection against sexually
transmitted infections.
• It requires self-motivation and self-
discipline for taking the pills daily.

Vaginal rings
• Vaginal rings (intravaginal rings or V-Rings) are polymeric drug
delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of
drugs for intravaginal administration over extended periods of
time.
• The ring is inserted into the vagina and provides
contraception protection.
• Leaving the ring in for three weeks slowly releases hormones
into the body, mainly vaginally administered
estrogens and/or progestogens.
• These hormones stop ovulation and thicken the cervical
mucus, creating a barrier preventing sperm from fertilizing an
egg.

Vaginal rings
• Several vaginal ring includes:
• Estring - a low-dose estradiol-releasing ring
• Femring- a low-dose estradiol-acetate releasing ring
• NuvaRing- a low-dose contraceptive vaginal ring

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