1. SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN KOTA SUKABUMI
Program Study S1 Keperawatan
https://stikeskotasukabumi.wordpress.com

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYTEM
CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYETM
MOTOR
DIVISION
SENSORY
DIVISION
AUTONOMIC
SYSTEM
SOMATIC
SYSTEM
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Organization of
Nervous System
BRAIN SPINAL
CORD

3. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
Sensory neuron Motor neuron
Somatic motor
neuron
Autonomic motor
neuron
Innervate smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and gland
Innervate skeletal
muscle
Anatomical diff …

4. Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Somatic motor
neuron
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic neuron
Skeletal muscle
Effector organ e.g. smooth
muscle, heart, or gland
Autonomic ganglion
Somatic motor neuron
Autonomic motor neuron
ORGANIZATION OF SNS AND ANS
PERIPHERAL …….
Anterior horn
Lateral horn

6. 1. CONTRASTING THE SOMATIC AND THE
AUTONOMIC NERVEOUS SYSTEMS

7. Anatomical differences between Somatic Nervous System and
Autonomic Nervous Syatem
Somatic Nervous
System
Autonomic Nervous
System
Cell body
in CNS
Cell body
(Ganglion)
out of CNS
Effectors
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
Somatic
neuron

8. Functional differences between Somatic Nervous System and
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
1. Conscious
2. Always excitatory
1. Unconscious
2. Excitatory and inhibitory (during
meal ANS stimulate the stomach
activities, during exercise inhibit)
Summarizes of differences…………

9. Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Feature SNS ANS
Target tissues Skeletal muscle Smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands
Regulation Controls all conscious and
unconscious movement of
skeletal muscle
Unconscious regulation, although
influenced by conscious mental
function
Response to stimulation Skeletal muscle contract Target tissues are stimulated or
inhibited
Neuron arrangement One neuron extends from the
CNS to skeletal muscle
Two neuron in series, the
preganglioni from CNS to ganglion,
postganglion from ganglion to
effectors
Neuron cell body
location
Neuron cell bodies are in motor
nuclei of the cranial nerves and
in the ventral horn of the spinal
cord
Pregangiolonic neuron cell bodies are
in autonomic nuclei of the cranial
nerves and in the lateral part of the
spinal cord; postganglionic neuron
cell bodies are in the autonomic
ganglia
Continued …………

10. Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Feature SNS ANS
Number of synapses One synapse between the
somatic motor neuron and the
skeletal muscle
Two synapses; first in autonomic
ganglia; second is at the target tissues
Axon sheaths Myelinated Preganglionic are myelinated;
postganglionic are unmyelinated
Neurotransmitter
substances
Acetylcholine Acetylcholine is released by
preganglionic neurons; either
acetylcholine and norepinephrine is
released by postganglionic neurons
Receptor molecules Receptor molecules for
acetylcholine are nicotinic
In autonomic ganglia, receptor
molecules for acetylcholine are
nicotinic; in target tissues, receptor
for acetylcholine are muscarinic, for
norepinephrine are α or β - adrenergic
Organization of somatic and autonomic nervous syetem ……

11. 2. ANATOMY OF THE AUTONOMIS NERVOUS
SYSTEM

12. ANS
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Complex network of neuron cell bodies and axons within the wall of
digestive tract that composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic

13. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
1. Neuron cell bodies located in the lateral horn spinal cord gray matter between
T1 and L2 segments  called thoracolumbar division
2. The preganglionic neuron project to autonomic ganglia (sympathetic chain
ganglia = paravertebral ganglia) on either side of vertebral column behind the
parietal pleural
3. The sympathetic chain extends into cervical and sacral regions but only ganglia
from T1 – L2 that receive preganglionic axons. The cervical and sacral regions
is associated with the nearly every pair of spinal nerves
4. The cervical ganglia fuse during fetal development  only two or three pairs
exist in the adult
5. The preganglionic neuron are small and myelinated
6. The short connection between spinal nerve and a ganglion called white ramus
communicants

14. SYMPATHETIC
DIVISION
Preganglionic neuron cell
bodies in the lateral horn
between T1-S2 
Thoracolumbar divison
Sympathetic chain
ganglia = paravertebral
ganglia

15. THE ROUTES TAKEN BY SYMPATHETIC AXONS
THE ROUTES TAKEN BY SYMPATHETIC AXONS……….

17. PARASYMPATHETIC
DIVISION
The cell bodies are within the
brainstem and sacral region
Craniosacral division
III
VII
IX
X

18. Comparison of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Division
Feature Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division
Location of preganglionic
cell Bodies
Lateral horns of spinal cord
gray matter (T1 – L2)
Brainstem and lateral parts of
spinal gray matter (S2 – S4)
Outflow from the CNS Spinal nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Splanchnic nerves
Cranial nerves
Pelvic nerves
Ganglia The chain along spinal cord
for spinal and sympathetic
nerves; collateral ganglia for
splanchnic nerves
Terminal ganglia near or on
effector organ
Number of postganglionic
neurons for each
preganglionic neuron
Many (much divergence) Few (less divergence)
Relative length of neuron Short preganglionic
Long postganglionic
Long preganglionic
Short postganglionic

19. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Consist of nerve plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract
2. The plexuses have contributions from three sources:
a. Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS
b. ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract
c. Enteric neurons, which are confined to the enteric plexus
3. The CNS is capable of monitoring the digestive tract through sensory
neurons and controlling its smooth muscle and gland through ANS
motor neurons

20. TYPE OF ENTERIC NEURON
1. Enteric sensory neurons, detect chemical composition and
wall stretching.
2. Enteric motor neurons, stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle
contraction and gland secretion
3. Enteric interneurons, connect sensory and motor neurons
to each other.

21. THE DISTRIBUTION OF AUTONOMIC NERVE FIBERS
1. Sympathetic division
a. Sympathetic axons from ganglia to target tissues pass through spinal,
sympathetic, and splanchnic nerves, head and neck nerve plexuses, thoracic
nerve plexuses, and abdominopelvic nerve plexuses
b. Sympathetic and splanchnic nerves join  autonomic nerve plexus,
complex, interconnected neural network formed by neurons of sympathetic
and parasympathetic division. They are named according to organs they
supply (cardiac plexus) or to blood vessels along which they are found
(thoracic aortic plexus).
2. Parasympathetic division
a. Parasympathetic outflow is through cranial nerve (III, VII, IX, X), and
plexuses (vagus and thoracic nerve plexuses, abdominal nerve plexuses, and
plevic nerve and pelvic nerve plexuses

22. SENSORY NEURONS IN AUTONOMIC PLEXUSES
a. Not strictly part of autonomic nervous system
b. Some are part of reflex arcs regulating organ activities.
c. Transmit pain and pressure sensations from organ to CNS
d. The cell bodies of these sensory neuron are found in the dorsal root
ganglia and in certain cranial nerve (which are swelling on nerves close
to their attachment to the brain)

23. 3. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS
Neurotransmitters
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Ganglion
Preganglion
(cholinergic)
Postganglion
(adrenergic)
Postganglion
(Cholinergic)

24. Receptors
Cholinergic receptor
(binds to acetylcholine)
Adrenergic receptor
(binds to norepinephrine)
Nicotinic
 Bind to nicotin (tobacco
alkaloid)
Muscarinic
 Bind to muscarine (alkaloid
poisonous mushroom)
Alpha receptor
α1  stimulatory response
α2  inhibitory response
Beta receptor
β1  various response
β2  various response
Nicotine does not bind the muscarinic receptor
Muscarine does not bind to nicotinic receptor
Actylcholine binds other the nicotinic or muscarinic receptor

25. Location of ANS receptors
Sympathetic division
Most target tissues have adrenergic receptors

26. Sympathetic division
Some target tissues have muscarinic receptor
Sweat gland

27. Parasympathetic division

28. Effects and receptor types of sympathetic and parasympathetic division
on various tissues
Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic
effects and receptors
types
Adipose tissue Fat breakdown release of fatty acids (α2 and β1) None
Arrector pili muscle Contrastion (α1) None
Blood (platelets) Increase coagulation None
Blood vessels (arterioles):
Digestive organ
Heart
Kidneys
Lungs
Skeletal muscle
Skin
Blood vessels (veins)
Constriction (α1)
Dilatation (β2), constriction (α1)
Constriction (α1 & 2); dilatation (β1&2)
Dilatation (β2); constriction (α1)
Dilatation (β2); constriction (α1)
Constriction (α1 & 2)
Constriction (α1 & 2); dilataion (β2)
None
None
None
None
None
None
Effects ………………continue

29. Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic effects and
receptors types
Eye
Ciliary muscle
Pupil
Relaxation for far vision (β2)
Dilated (α1)
Constriction for near vision (m)
Constricted (m)
Gallbladder Relaxation (β2) Constriction (m)
Glands
Adrenal
Gastric
Lacrimal
Pancreas
Salivary
Sweat
• Apocrine
• Merocrine
Release of epinephrine & norepinephrin (n)
Decrease gastric secretion (α2)
Slight tear production (α)
Decrease insulin secretion (α2)
Decrease exocrine secretion (α)
Blood vessel constriction; produce thick and
viscous saliva
Thick, organic secretion (m)
Watery sweat from most of the skin (m); sweat
from palms and soles (α1)
None
Increase gastric secretion (m)
Increase tear secretion (m)
Increase insulin secretion (m)
Increase exocrine secretion (m)
Blood vessels dilation ; produce
thin and copious saliva (m)
None
None
Continue ………….

30. Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic effects and
receptors types
Heart Increases rate and force of contraction (β2 & β2) Decreases rate (m)
Liver Glucose released into blood (α1 & β2) None
Lungs Dilates air passageways (β2) Constricts airpassageways (m)
Metabolism Increases up to 100% (α & β) None
Sex organs Ejacutaion (α1); erection Erection (m)
Skeletal muscle Breakdown glycogen to glucose (β2) None
Stomach and
intestines
•Wall
•Sphincter
Decreases tone (α1, α2 & β2)
Increases tone (α1)
Increases motility (m)
Decreases tone (m)
Urinary baldder
•Wall (detrusor)
•Neck of bladder
•Internal urinary
spihincter
None
Contraction (α1)
Contraction (α1)
Contraction (m)
Relaxation (m)
Relaxation (m)

31. 4. REGULATION OF THE ANS
1. To maintain homeostasis, the structures innervated by ANS are
regulated through the autonomic reflexes
2. Input come from cerebrum, hypothalamus, and other area as
conscious thoughts and actions, emotions, and other CNS
activities

32. a. Parasympathetic reflex

33. b. Sympathetic reflex

34. c. Influence of higher part of the brain on autonomic functions
Thought and emotion influence
ANS through hypothalamus
ANS integrating center that
interact with cerebrum, limbic
system, brainstem, spinal cord;
also regulate the body
temperature
ANS reflex centers for controlling
pupil size, accommodation, tear
production, salivation, coughing,
swallowing, digestive activities,
blood vessels diameter, and
respiration
ANS reflex centers for regulating
defecation, urination, penile and
clitoral erection, and ejaculation

35. Functions at rest versus activity
 Sympathetic division influences under active or stress condition referred to “flight –
or fight response”
 Parasympathetic division influences under resting condition
During exercise
1. Increases heart rate and force of contraction; increase blood pressure and
movement
2. Oxygen, nutrient consumption, waste product are increased
3. Blood flow into tissue increase; reduces blood flow into tissues not involve in
exercise by vasoconstriction making blood more available for the exercising
tissues
4. Dilatation of air passageway
5. Increases the availability of energy sources. Muscle and liver stimulated to break
down glycogen into glucose
6. Exercising muscle generate heat, body temperature increase