Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions in an area, while climate describes typical weather patterns over a long period of time. The key elements of weather include wind, atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, and humidity, which are measured using instruments like anemometers, barometers, thermometers, rain gauges, and hygrometers. Climate is influenced by factors such as latitude, altitude, and distance from bodies of water, which determine climate zones like polar, tropical, and temperate.