Swk1048 introduction to community development and the migrant crisis
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Swk1048 introduction to community development and the migrant crisis
- 1. SWK1048: Developing Enterprising Communities: Community Development and the migrant crisis http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/6188/production/_85286942_pakmigrantsgreecegetty.jpg
- 2. Who is responsible for looking after refugees? • An insight into the current refugee and migration crisis • An introduction to the concepts of ‘community’ and ‘development’ • A thumbnail sketch of political-economy throughout history
- 3. • “I wish to leave Lebanon because one of [my] brothers is dead and I don’t know about the other two. I can’t go back to Syria… I will probably get arrested in Lebanon. We ran away from death in Syria to slowly die in Lebanon,” Sameer, aged 41, a Syrian refugee who lives in an informal tented settlement in Bekaa, Lebanon. • Interviewed by Amnesty International in Bekaa, Lebanon, 26 March 2015. His name has been changed in order to protect his identity.
- 6. Page 6 What do you know already?
- 7. Page 7 Inside Lebanon – where families live
- 8. Page 8 Inside Lebanon – where families live
- 9. Page 9 Inside Lebanon – where children play
- 10. Page 10 Inside Lebanon – children’s chores
- 11. Page 11 Inside Jordan – Za’atari Refugee Camp
- 12. Page 12 Inside Jordan – arriving at the border
- 13. Page 13 Inside Jordan – Za’atari Camp reception
- 14. Page 14 Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: where people live
- 15. Page 15 Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: missing out on school
- 16. Page 16 Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: making a living
- 17. Page 17 Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: essential services
- 18. Page 18 Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: essential services
- 21. Some data • 4,000- Estimated migrants currently camped out around Calais • 100-150- Migrants who arrive in Calais every day • 700- Migrants from Calais granted asylum in France last year • 1,200- Migrants from Calais deported from France last year • 21 miles- Distance between Dover and Calais • £12 million- The amount Britain has spent reinforcing borders in Calais • 18,170- Stowaways attempting to get to Britain between January 1 and May 21 2015 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/11801006/Inside-the-Calais-Jungle-where- men-live-in-solidarity-and-shame.html
- 22. So who would have been responsible? Private Sector Public Sector Civil Society
- 23. Up to the Second World War Private Sector Public Sector Civil Society Philanthropists Church Community Associations
- 24. The Post War Settlement Private Sector Public Sector Civil Society NHS State Schools Pay taxes
- 25. Post Thatcher Private Sector Public Sector Civil Society
- 26. Mixed economy Private Sector Public Sector Civil Society
- 27. The way community leaders think
- 28. Pearce, J. (2003) Social enterprise in any town, Calouste Gulkenkian Foundation
- 30. Lets get real about the size of the bubbles
- 31. http://magamaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/8.25.11-simply-business-ONS- infographic-1024x748.jpg
- 34. Lets get real about the bubbles Civil society: £40bn Public Sector: £700bn Private sector: £3,200bn • 1.25% of total private sector wealth is given to the civil sector • 21% of private sector wealth ends up in the public sector
- 35. Community Development • involves participants in constructive activities and processes to produce improvements, opportunities, structures, goods, and services that increase the quality of life, build individual and collective capacities, and enhance social solidarity. • approach is developmental & integrative. • The goal is internal development • of the community’s capacity to make improvements, solve problems, generate its own leadership, strengthen social relationships, and function more effectively • does not attempt to redistribute resources or to reduce power dis- parities • “power holders could be organized to effect change” (Beck and Eichler, 2000 Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing
- 36. CD has three goals • problem resolution – (e.g., creating a community garden, organizing a neighbourhood crime watch, producing afford- able housing, or generating employment opportunities), • capacity building – through the establishment of effective GCOs, • and the development of social solidarity – “the ties that bind.” Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing
- 37. Social Action • brings people together to – convince, – pressure, or – coerce • external decision-makers to meet collective goals either to act in a specified manner or to modify or stop certain activities. • less powerful groups to transform themselves from objects of oppression to subjects able to act in unison to challenge dominant elites (Freire, 1973) • Is redistributive in nature Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing
- 38. SA has 3 goals • problem resolution – (e.g., obtaining curve cuts, modifying the Informed Consent Policy, or eliminating illegal dumping), • building a power base – Through the development of a strong GCO, and • decreasing power disparities – Between community members and external groups Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing
Notas do Editor
- The photo shows destruction in Aleppo following an attack by jet aircraft on 7 April 2013 (Photo credit: EPA/Luay Abu Al-Joud). Between March 2011 and August 2013: 100,000 people have died in the conflict and there have been 1,700 deaths of children under the age of 10 (UN OCHA). There has been widespread violence against children and violations of children’s rights inside Syria (UN - http://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/countries/syria/ - June 2013) 3 million children are at risk inside Syria (Oxfam) 6.8m people inside Syria are in need of humanitarian aid – 38% of the population (Oxfam) 4.25m people have been internally displaced inside Syria (Oxfam) 1.9m Syrians have arrived as refugees in neighboring countries (Oxfam). In June 2013 the UN warned that the number of Syrian refugees could reach 3.25m by the end of the year. If this occurs Syria will shortly become the world’s greatest refugee emergency, surpassing the 2.7m Afghan refugees, currently listed by the UNHCR as the world’s largest refugee population (http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/syria-regional-response-plan-january-december-2013 ) This is a human crisis of staggering proportions. The scale of the Syria crisis is worsening dramatically, leaving relief agencies overstretched. There is an urgent need to step up calls to end the violence and to support the millions of people affected by it. The two countries where most refugees are moving to are Lebanon and Jordan. We’ll now look at the different experiences of refugees, particularly children, in these two countries.
- The Syria conflict began in March 2011. Since then there has hardly been a day when the conflict hasn’t made headline news around the world. What do you know about the Syria crisis already? What have you learnt from the media? (aim to draw out ten key points from the audience, and if possible write them on a whiteboard). NB: these points may be accurate or inaccurate, they are impressions drawn from TV reporting – stress this and don’t use this section to establish ‘facts’. Key question: How many of your ten key points specifically mentioned children? (those under 18). This assembly will ask you to do some critical thinking about the extent to which the Syrian conflict is specifically a ‘children’s crisis’ and the role that you, as young people, can play in response to the crisis.
- In Lebanon, around half of the 500,000 refugees in the country are living with host families or relatives, while the rest are renting accommodation. The accommodation available for rent is frequently not in conventional apartments, but in places like garages, wooden shelters and tented settlements. There are now 1,200 refugee settlements like these across Lebanon. The photograph shows a disused shopping centre converted by the landlord into rough and ready rooms. There are 100 family rooms measuring 10m x 5m. The rent is $100-$150 per month. Water and sanitation is limited and uncleared rubbish is mounting up. The passageways and stairways are dangerous, particularly for children. Many families say they have no more money to pay rent and they might have to consider returning to Syria. Many new arrivals told Oxfam they sold all their wives’ jewellery, including wedding rings, to be able to pay rent and basic food items. An increasing in the number of families are being evicted from their accommodation because they are not able to pay rent. Other issues include overcrowding and lack of privacy, which particularly affect women. There have also been reports of domestic violence and early marriage within camps and refugee communities. (Photo credit: Sam Tarling/Oxfam)
- This photograph shows the same disused shopping centre where 100 Syrian families are living in makeshift rooms. You can see the rubbish beginning to build up in the foreground and where cardboard has been pulled across the shop entrances to provide some privacy for the occupants. However, the smell of rubbish is everywhere, affecting everyone. Washing is hung up to dry wherever there is a space. (Photo: Sam Tarling/Oxfam)
- Amal is five years old. She lives with her parents and four siblings in a roughly constructed room in a rubble-strewn car park under an apartment block. She plays outside her home. Amal’s father has been unemployed since arriving in Lebanon. Many refugees are looking for work and jobs are in short supply. Without enough money it will be very difficult for Amal’s family to get better accommodation. Many children don’t have a safe place to live or to play. (Photo credit: Sam Tarling/Oxfam)
- Tayb, 15, burns sticks to heat water for washing near the roughly constructed room where she lives with her mother and six siblings in a rubble-strewn open car park area. There is no regular water or energy supply, making basic household chores time consuming and laborious. These chores are often done by children. The room Tayb lives in is overcrowded, lacks privacy and isn’t secure. (Photo credit: Sam Tarling/Oxfam)
- Over 500,000 Syrian refugees have moved south to Jordan. As in Lebanon, many are living in host communities. However, unlike Lebanon, the Jordanian Government and UNHCR (the UN Refugee Agency) has established refugee camps in Jordan. The largest is at Za’atari, close to the Syrian border. It was established in July 2012, became Jordan’s 4th largest settlement by May 2013, and by June 2013 it had around 110,000 residents (http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/syria-regional-response-plan-january-december-2013). Za’atari’s remote desert location mean that essential services for large numbers of people have had to be provided from scratch. The rapid growth of the camp means that the large number of new arrivals continually threatens to outstrip the camp’s services. (Photo credit: Karl Schembri/Oxfam)
- When refugees arrive at the Jordanian border they are processed by the Jordanian military and then transported the short distance to Za’atari by bus. Everyone – men, women and children – have to wait their turn. Most family groups who arrive stay together and many people arriving at the same time know each other from being neighbours in Syria. (Photo credit: Anastasia Taylor-Lind/Oxfam)
- This is the reception area in Za’atari camp where refugees spend their first night – in large prefab buildings/tents where they get a ready made meal and blankets. After they are given mattresses and hygiene items like soap and toothpaste they taken by vehicle to a spot where a tent has been set up for them in the camp. (Photo credit: Caroline Gluck/Oxfam)
- Moneera sits in the tent she shares with her father, brother and sister. On the same “street” - where two rows of tents are pitched tightly together - live many of her relatives, including 30 nieces and nephews. They have established a routine of looking after each other since their arrival, and welcome other friends and family as they arrive. (Photo credit: Anastasia Taylor-Lind/Oxfam)
- There’s a race on in Za’atari Camp to build enough schools to provide an education for the large number of children who’ve arrived. Only one in ten children is currently enrolled in a camp school, and the schools that are being rapidly set up are planned to accommodate 5,000 children each. However, Maha (14 years old) and her friends are among the majority that are not yet enrolled in school. She says she misses school. (Photo: Caroline Gluck/Oxfam)
- There are restrictions on the paid work refugees can do so jobs at Za’atari camp are hard to find. However some refugees have managed to set up small businesses. Zachharia and his wife have set up this falafel (fast food) stall. Zachharia worked in the restaurant business in Syria but Fatima has never worked before. She says ‘Before, I used to sit in the tent with my kids. It was extremely boring. We didn’t have electricity so we couldn’t watch TV; I couldn’t sit with my friends like I did back home. It was so boring but now, I can work here for 11 hours a day and have something to do.’ Her children get looked after by her sister. However, boredom and frustration also bring problems to the camp. There has been an increasing number of reports of crime, including prostitution and drug dealing, and concerns about poor security. (Photo credit: Caroline Gluck/Oxfam)
- Za’atari Camp has grown from nothing to a settlement of around 110,000 people in less than a year. It is located in a remote desert area without existing facilities and services. This means that the UN Agencies and INGOs have had to install essential services, such as water and sanitation, from scratch. Up to August 2013 Oxfam has provided 20,000 Syrian refugees in Za’atari with emergency latrines and has recently completed shower, toilet and laundry blocks for 8,000 people. Oxfam is also coordinating hygiene training to prevent the spread of life-threatening diseases. In this photograph the equipment needed to construct a water tank is being unpacked prior to setting it up. (Photo credit: Caroline Gluck/Oxfam)
- Often it is children who do the chores like collecting water. Here children are collecting water from a tap stand at Za’atari Camp. Oxfam is organizing hygiene lessons for children. Not only do children do a lot of the water collecting and washing up; they are also in an excellent position to teach their parents and family members about good hygiene. Children are also involved in painting the tiles in the new latrines; if people have ownership of a new facility they are more likely to use it properly. However, at present there is only one toilet for every 50 camp residents (http://pinterest.com/pin/223702306463618318/). (Photo credit: Caroline Gluck/Oxfam)