5.  Availability
◦ Synthetic
◦ Natural – Produced From Animals
◦ Monoclonal Antibodies
 Purity – Competing Reactions with
Impurities
 Stability – Store in Albumin Serum
 Specificity – Binding Constant

6.  Must Have Similar Binding Properties as
Unlabeled Ligand
 Internally Labeled Ligand
◦ 14
C and 3
H
 Externally Labeled Ligand
◦ 131
I and 125
I
 By-Products or Incomplete Synthesis
◦ Purification by chromatography (gel filtration)

7.  Electrophoresis
 Gel Filtration
 Adsorption Chromatography
 Fractional Precipitation
◦ Centrifugation
◦ Filtration
 Partition Chromatography
◦ Dialysis

11.  Enzymeimmunoassays (EIA)
◦ millimolar
 Fluoroimmunoassays (EIA)
◦ micromolar
 Radioimmunoassays (EIA)
◦ nanomolar to picomolar

12.  Endocrinology
◦ Insulin, HCG, Vasopressin
◦ Detects Endocrine Disorders
◦ Physiology of Endocrine Function
 Pharmacology
◦ Morphine
◦ Detect Drug Abuse or Drug Poisoning
◦ Study Drug Kinetics

13.  Epidemiology
◦ Hepatitis B
 Clinical Immunology
◦ Antibodies for Inhalant Allergens
◦ Allergy Diagnosis
 Oncology
◦ Carcinoembryonic Antigen
◦ Early Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

14.  Based on Simple Biochemistry Principles
 Establish Ideal Binder and Ligand
 Synthesize Tracer Ligand
 Separation of Bound and Free Parts
 High Precision and Sensitivity
 Powerful Applications to a Wide Range of Medical
Fields