Thanks Guys For Supporting me..... BMET 6th Batch, National Health Training Center Teku, kathmandu Nepal

1. A
Presentation Report
On
Pulse Oximeter
By:
BISWAS LOHANI
BMET 6th BATCH
National Health Training Center
Teku, Kathmandu
Nepal
2012

2. HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin
(abbreviated Hb) is the
iron-containing oxygen-
transport metalloprotein
in the red blood cells of
vertebrates.
Hemoglobin transports
oxygen from the lungs
to the rest of the body,
where it releases the
oxygen for cell use.

3. What is a Pulse Oximeter?
A Pulse Oximeter is a device used to perform the
diagnostic procedure for determining the:
Percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) that is saturated
with oxygen
The oxygen saturation (SpO2) is a measure of how
much oxygen the blood is carrying as a percentage
of the maximum it could carry and is sometimes
referred to colloquially as the "sats" reading
The heart rate
The heart rate refers to the number of times that the
heart contracts in a period of one minute

4. TYPES OF OXIMETERS
Designs:
Pulse Oximeter as part of an anesthetic
machine
A portable desktop unit
A finger/mobile pulse Oximeter

5. Pulse Oximeter as part of an
anesthetic machine

6. Pulse Oximeters (continue)
Desktop Finger/mobile

7. What does a Pulse Oximeter tell you?
A Pulse Oximeter can detect hypoxia (too little
oxygen to fulfill the needs of the brain and body)
before a patient shows signs of becoming cyanotic
(bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes due to not enough oxygen in the
blood).

8. Pulse Oximeters may be used in patients:
Undergoing surgical procedure Undergoing surgical procedure
under general anesthesia under conscious sedation

9. Pulse Oximeters may be used in patients:
Emergency situations
like loss of
consciousness, trauma
etc.
After surgery during the
recovery phase
Monitoring the blood
oxygen saturation in
various aviation
situations
Sport applications –
e.g. mountaineering

10. Pulse Oximeters may be used in patients:
 In the ICU, Pulse Oximetry is used
extensively on mechanically ventilated
patients, as it can frequently detect
problems with oxygenation before they
are noticed clinically, as well as a
valuable guide for weaning patients off
ventilation and helping to assess the
adequacy of a patient's oxygen
therapy.
 This continuing assessment process has
been instrumental in the introduction of
Pulse Oximeter usage within the
community and homecare
environment of patients suffering from a
variety of heart and lung diseases and
conditions
 Pulse Oximeters are routinely used in
certain hospital wards and in casualty
departments for immediate assessment
of patients

11. Pulse Oximeter
reading may not be accurate:
Reduced peripheral
pulsatile blood flow
Venous congestion
(partial obstruction of
the veins) of an arm or
leg
Bright overhead lights,
such as in an operating
theatre
Shivering or significant,
repeated movement of
the sensor

12. Pulse Oximeter
reading may not be accurate:
Pulse oximetry struggles
to distinguish between
different forms of
hemoglobin, such as
carboxy-hemoglobin
(hemoglobin combined
with carbon monoxide)
Nail varnish may cause
falsely low readings with
most pulse Oximeters,
especially those
colored blue or black

13. The following won’t affect the
Pulse Oximeter reading:
Anemia Jaundice

14. But what is a "normal" reading?
Firstly, we would ask "normal for whom"?
A fit, healthy person should have an oxygen
saturation level between 95% & 99%. Results
lower than this, and especially below 90% may
be caused by problems including lung diseases,
such as COPD, breathing difficulties, cigarette
smoking or circulatory problems such as
excessive bleeding or blood vessel problems.

15. How does a Pulse Oximeter Work?
The measurements are obtained by By measuring how much light has been
absorbed by the oxygen in the blood, an
simply shining two wavelengths of light oxygen saturation or “sats” reading is
(1 is a visible red beam, the other an established and displayed as a
invisible infrared beam) at e.g. the percentage of the maximum amount of
oxygen the blood could carry.
fingertip.

16. Q1 If a patient’s saturation is
unacceptably low, what are your
immediate actions?
Check
Airways,
Breathing and
Circulation
(ABC)

17. Q1 If a patient’s saturation is
unacceptably low, what are your
immediate actions?
Check
Airways,
Breathing and
Circulation
(ABC)

18. Q2 An elderly patient is admitted with pneumonia and
has a pulse oximetry reading of 75% breathing air. With
oxygen 6L per min, saturation improves to 85%. What
are the implications of this oximetry reading?

19. Q2 An elderly patient is admitted with pneumonia and
has a pulse oximetry reading of 75% breathing air. With
oxygen 6L per min, saturation improves to 85%. What
are the implications of this oximetry reading?
The patient was
severely hypoxic
(Lack of Oxygen)
Increase
oxygen flow

20. Q3 What happens to the pulse Oximeter reading
of a patient immediately after a cardiac arrest?
The pulse would
be lost (causing
the alarm to
sound) and the
saturations will
decrease

21. Q3 What happens to the pulse Oximeter
reading of a patient immediately after a
cardiac arrest?
The pulse would
be lost (causing
the alarm to
sound) and the
saturations will
decrease

22. Q4 What happens to the Pulse Oximeter
reading of a patient immediately after a
respiratory arrest?
The saturations
decrease until
cardiac arrest
occurs

23. Q4 What happens to the Pulse Oximeter
reading of a patient immediately after a
respiratory arrest?
The saturations
decrease until
cardiac arrest
occurs

24. In conclusion…
Pulse Oximetry is a useful modality for assessing
a patient’s pulse rate and Hemoglobin Oxygen
saturation in a number of routine and
emergency medical situations
The clinician should be aware of the limitations
of Pulse Oximetry and the various factors that
may produce a falsely low or high reading
Always keep the basics principles of medicine in
mind, and keep a high level of suspicion -
especially when the figures don’t make sense!

25. Preventive maintenance
Qualitative Tests
 Chassis - verify physical integrity, cleanliness.
 Mount/Fasterners – verify physical integrity of mounts
 AC Plug - verify integrity.
 Line Cord - verify proper insulation and integrity.
 Strain Reliefs - verify physical integrity at both ends of line cord.
 Circuit Breaker/Fuse – verify integrity of external circuit breaker
and/or value of external fuse.
 Cables - inspect patient cable and leads.

26. Quantitative Tests
For double insulated devices, indicate “DI” in place of
resistance and leakage current values.
Grounding Resistance [< 0.5 ohm]
2.2 Chassis Leakage [< 300 microamps]

27. THANK YOU for
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attention!!!
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opportunity to
invest into your
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