1. Communication and
Research Skills (C&RS)

2. Syllabus
of
Research Methodology
5. Introduction to Research and
Research Design
6. Measurement and Scaling, Data
Source and Data Collection
7. Data Analysis and Presentation
8. Technical Writing

3. Research methodology
 Research may be define as a documented
prose work.
 Documented prose work means organized
analysis of the subject based on borrowed
material with suitable acknowledgement
and consultation in the main body of the
paper.

4. Meaning Research
 Research has been
defined by various
authors in different ways.
It always begins with a
question or a problem. Its
purpose is to find answer
to question through the
application of systematic
and scientific methods.
Thus, research is the
systematic approach
towards purposeful
investigation.

5. Objective of Research
 To obtain familiarity of a
phenomenon.
 To determine the
association or
independence of an
activity.
 To determine the
characteristics of an
individual or a group of
activities and the
frequency of its
occurrence.

6. Features of good research
study
 Objectivity
 Control
 Generalisability
 Free from personal
bias
 Systematic
 Reproducible

7. Types of research studies
 Fundamental
research
 Applied research
 Descriptive research
 Historical research
 Exploratory research
 Experimental
research
 Ex-post-facto
research
 Case study approach

8. Role of research in
business/industry
 Marketing research
 Govt. policies and economic system
 Solving various operation and planning
problems in business
 Social relationship

9. Research process
1. Defining the research problem and reviewing
the literature
2. Formulation of hypothesis
3. Research design
4. Collecting data
5. Analyzing data and testing hypothesis
6. Preparation of report and preliminary analysis
7. Interpreting and reporting the findings

10. Research process
 Defining the research problem:-
Formulation of problem:
How problem can be formulate
1. Statement of the problem in a
general way
2. Understanding the nature of the
problem
3. Surveying the available literature
4. Developing the idea through
discussion.
5. Rephrasing the research problem
into a working proposition.

11. Formulation of Hypothesis
 Concept of hypothesis:
– A hypothesis is a proposition-a tentative assumption
which a researcher wants to test for its logical or
empirical consequences.
– Hypothesis are generally concerned with the causes
of a certain phenomenon or a realtion ship between
two or more variables under investigation.
– HYPOTHESIS TESTING:-
1. formulate a hypothesis.
2. Set up a suitable significance level. (type-I &II error)
3. Choose a test criterion.
4. Compute the statistics.
5. Make decision.

12. Hypothesis testing

13. Type of errors
 Type I error: an error made in rejecting the
null hypothesis, when in fact it is true.
 Tyep II error: an error made in accepting
the null hypothesis when in fact it is
untrue.

15. Research Design
 A research design is the arrangement of
condition for collection and analysis of
data in a manner that aims to combine
relevance to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.
 Research design is in fact the conceptual
structure within the research is conducted.
 Research design as a “Blue print for the
collection, measurement and analysis of
data”

16. Types of research design
 Exploratory research studies
 Descriptive research studies
 Hypothesis testing studies

17. Exploratory research studies
 “to explore a subject”
 Features:
– The small sample size.
– Non probability sampling design.
– Data requirements are vague.
– Objective is general rather than specific.
– No recommendation are made.

18. Descriptive studies
 Features:
– Study describes the phenomena.
– Collected data are related to demographic or
behavioural respondents.
– For specific objective
– Use large sample
– Probability sampling design
– Recommendation are provided.

19. Casual research studies
 Used to provide a stronger basis for the
existence.
 Create relation between variables.
 Control influence of variables.
 If not possible to control variable, its call
confounded variables.

20. Difference between research
design
RESEARCH DESIGN EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE
Sampling design Non probability Probability
Statistical design No pre planned Pre-planned
Observational design Unstructured Structured
Operational design No fixed decision Advance decision
Overall design Flexible Rigid

21. What is experimentation?
 Experiments are studies involving
intervention by the researcher beyond,
measurement.
 There is one (IV) and (DV) in a casual
relationship.
 Correlation of IV and DV, the time order of
occurrence of variables must be
considered. They may occur almost
simultaneously.

22. What is experimentation?
 Controls are important, further precaution
are needed so that the results achieved
reflect the influence of the IV alone on the
DV

23. Formal types of experiments

24. Conducting Experiment
1. Select relevant variables
2. Specify the level of treatment
3. Control the experimental design
4. Choose the experimental design
5. Select and assign the subjects
6. Pilot-test, revise and test
7. Analyze the data.

25. Thank you