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CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS OF DOMAIN-Z
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Z transform ? ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Section objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Discrete-Time Signals. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
One-sided z transform ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two-sided z transform ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORMS OF  ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
Unit-Step Function ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],It is noted that 1(k) as defined by is commonly called a  unit-step sequence.
Unit-Ramp Function   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Polynomial Function a k .   ,[object Object],[object Object]
Polynomial Function a k  (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exponential Function   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sinusoidal Function   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sinusoidal Function (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z Transformation Table ,[object Object]
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF THE  Z  TRANSFORM   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Will discussed properties and theorems:   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2-3 ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2-4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2-5 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Solution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2-6 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2-8 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2-9 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary. ,[object Object],[object Object]
THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM ,[object Object],[object Object]
Method for finding the inverse  z  transform ,[object Object]
Method for finding the inverse  z  transform (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Division Method. ,[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Division Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method (ctnd) ,[object Object]
Computational Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method –MATLAB (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method –MATLAB (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method –MATLAB (ctnd) % Finding inverse z transform % ***** Finding the inverse z transform of C(z) is the same as  % finding the response of the system Y(z)/X(z) = G(z) to the  % Kronecker delta input ***** % ***** Enter the numerator and denominator of C(z) ***** num = [0  0.4673  -0.3393];  den = [1  -1.5327  0.6607]; % ***** Enter the Kronecker delta input x and filter command  % y = filter(num,den,x) ***** x=[1  zeros(1,40)];  y = filter(num,den,x) MATLAB Program 2-1
Computational Method –MATLAB (ctnd) ,[object Object],y = Columns 1 through 7 0  0.4673  0.3769  0.2690  0.1632  0.0725  0.0032  Columns 8 through 14 -0.0429  -0.0679  -0.0758  -0.0712  -0.0591  -0.0436  -0.0277  Columns 15 through 21 -0.0137  -0.0027  0.0050  0.0094  0.0111  0.0108  0.0092  Columns 22 through 28 0.0070  0.0046  0.0025  0.0007  -0.0005  -0.0013  -0.0016  Columns 29 through 35 -0.0016  -0.0014  -0.0011  -0.0008  -0.0004  -0.0002  0.0000  Columns 36 through 41 0.0002  0.0002  0.0002  0.0002  0.0002  0.0001
Computational Method-MATLAB (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method – MATLAB (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
% Response to Kronecker delta input ------------------- num = [0  0.4673  -0.3393]; den  = [1  -1.5327  0.6607]; x = [1  zeros(1,40)]; k = 0:40; y = filter(num,den,x); plot(k,y,’o’) v=[0  40  -1  1]; axis(v); grid title (‘Response to Kronecker Delta Input’) xlabel(‘k’) ylabel(‘y(k)’) MATLAB Program 2-2
Figure 2- 12  Response of the system defined by Equation (2. 31) to the Kronecker delta input.
Computational Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method – diff. eqn. (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Computational Method – diff. eqn. (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method ,[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS ,[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) Table 2.3  z  transform of  x ( k+m ) and  x ( k-m )
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Entry 19 Entry 18
RECONSTRUCTING ORIGINAL SIGNALS FROM SAMPLED SIGNALS ,[object Object],[object Object]
RECONSTRUCTING ORIGINAL SIGNALS FROM SAMPLED SIGNALS (ctnd) Figure 2- 13  A frequency spectrum.
RECONSTRUCTING ORIGINAL SIGNALS FROM SAMPLED SIGNALS (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2- 14  Plots of the frequency spectra |X*(jω))| versus ω for two values of sampling frequency ω s :  (a)  ω s  > 2ω 1 ;  (b)  ω s < 2ω 1
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Figure 2- 15   Amplitude frequency spectrum of the ideal low-pass filter.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2- 16  Frequency spectra of the signals before and after ideal filtering.  Ideal Low-Pass Filter (ctnd). Figure 2-16 shows the frequency spectra of the signals before and after ideal filtering.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2- 17   Impulse response  g I ( t ) of ideal filter.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2.18 (a) Frequency-response curves for the zero-order hold; (b) equivalent Bode diagram when T = 1 sec.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Figure 2- 19   Comparison of the ideal filter and the zero-order hold
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2- 20   Diagram showing the regions where folding error occurs
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2- 21   Frequency spectra of an impulse-sampled signal  x*(t).   Aliasing (ctnd).
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE ,[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) Left  plane Right  plane Unit circle Figure : Mapping s plane    z plane
[object Object]
OPEN-LOOP DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],◦  Gp(s)  - plant transfer fn.  ◦   G ( s )  -  product of the plant transfer fn and the zero-order hold transfer fn, that is ◦   Hence this system can be  represented like in Figure 4-lb.  Figure 4-1  Open-loop sampled-data system  ZOH
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Pulse Transfer Function (cont)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Pulse Transfer Function (cont)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],The Pulse Transfer Function (cont)
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 4.2
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ENTRANCE 8
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Entrance 8
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 4.3  Open-loop sampled-data systems
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Pulse Transfer Function (cont)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS IN THE  z  PLANE
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 2- 34  Closed-loop control system of  Example 4-2.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Table 2. 4   General Form Of The Jury Stability Table
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Solution
Table 2. 5  Jury Stability Table For The Fourth-Order System
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Table 2. 6  JURY STABILITY TABLE FOR THE SYSTEM OF EXAMPLE 4-4
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THANK YOU END OF CHAPTER 2

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digital control Chapter 2 slide

  • 1. CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS OF DOMAIN-Z
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  • 14. z TRANSFORMS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
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  • 74. Computational Method –MATLAB (ctnd) % Finding inverse z transform % ***** Finding the inverse z transform of C(z) is the same as % finding the response of the system Y(z)/X(z) = G(z) to the % Kronecker delta input ***** % ***** Enter the numerator and denominator of C(z) ***** num = [0 0.4673 -0.3393]; den = [1 -1.5327 0.6607]; % ***** Enter the Kronecker delta input x and filter command % y = filter(num,den,x) ***** x=[1 zeros(1,40)]; y = filter(num,den,x) MATLAB Program 2-1
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  • 78. % Response to Kronecker delta input ------------------- num = [0 0.4673 -0.3393]; den = [1 -1.5327 0.6607]; x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; k = 0:40; y = filter(num,den,x); plot(k,y,’o’) v=[0 40 -1 1]; axis(v); grid title (‘Response to Kronecker Delta Input’) xlabel(‘k’) ylabel(‘y(k)’) MATLAB Program 2-2
  • 79. Figure 2- 12 Response of the system defined by Equation (2. 31) to the Kronecker delta input.
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  • 98. z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ctnd) Table 2.3 z transform of x ( k+m ) and x ( k-m )
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  • 107. RECONSTRUCTING ORIGINAL SIGNALS FROM SAMPLED SIGNALS (ctnd) Figure 2- 13 A frequency spectrum.
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  • 113. Figure 2- 14 Plots of the frequency spectra |X*(jω))| versus ω for two values of sampling frequency ω s : (a) ω s > 2ω 1 ; (b) ω s < 2ω 1
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  • 119. Figure 2- 16 Frequency spectra of the signals before and after ideal filtering. Ideal Low-Pass Filter (ctnd). Figure 2-16 shows the frequency spectra of the signals before and after ideal filtering.
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  • 124. Figure 2- 17 Impulse response g I ( t ) of ideal filter.
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  • 128. Figure 2.18 (a) Frequency-response curves for the zero-order hold; (b) equivalent Bode diagram when T = 1 sec.
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  • 133. Figure 2- 20 Diagram showing the regions where folding error occurs
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  • 136. Figure 2- 21 Frequency spectra of an impulse-sampled signal x*(t). Aliasing (ctnd).
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  • 147. MAPPING BETWEEN THE s PLANE AND THE z PLANE (ctnd) Left plane Right plane Unit circle Figure : Mapping s plane  z plane
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  • 163. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS IN THE z PLANE
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  • 169. Figure 2- 34 Closed-loop control system of Example 4-2.
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  • 174. Table 2. 4 General Form Of The Jury Stability Table
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  • 181. Table 2. 5 Jury Stability Table For The Fourth-Order System
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  • 185. Table 2. 6 JURY STABILITY TABLE FOR THE SYSTEM OF EXAMPLE 4-4
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  • 187. THANK YOU END OF CHAPTER 2