2. Introduction
Financial statements for banks present a
different analytical problem than statements
for manufacturing and service companies. As
a result, analysis of a bank's financial
statements requires a distinct approach that
recognizes a bank's unique risks.
3. • As financial intermediaries, banks assume two
primary types of risk as they manage the flow
of money through their business.
• Interest rate risk
• Credit risk
4. Introduction to Balance Sheets and
Income Statements
The balance sheet summarizes the financial
position of an organization at a given moment,
it is a snapshot of the firm.
The balance sheet reflects the status of the
organization’s assets, (the economic resources
owned by the organization), liabilities (debts
owned to creditors), and equity (the owner’s
investment in the organization).
5. Balance Sheet
As its name implies the balance sheet should
indicate that these elements are in balance.
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
This fundamental relationship must always
exist, because the assets represent the things
owned by the organization and the liabilities
and equity indicate how much was supplied
by both creditors and owners.
6. The Bank Balance Sheet
• A bank’s balance sheet lists sources of bank
funds (liabilities) and uses to which they are
put (assets)
• Banks invest these liabilities (sources) into
assets (uses) in order to create value for their
capital providers
7. Income Statement
In contrast to the balance sheet, the income
statement shows the organization's financial
progress over a given period of time. The
income statement is also based on equation:
Revenues - Expenses = Profit (or Loss)
9. The Bank Balance Sheet
Pay no
interest
Secondary
reserves
74% of
Assets
Lowest cost
source of
funds--
payable on
demand
Deposit
with no
check
writing
Discount loans
Fed Funds,
Corporate Loans
have grown by
factor of 10 since
1960 as % of Liab
Bank Equity = Assets - Liabilities,
listed as Liab because Bank owes this
to owners. Also includes Loan
Loss Reserves
10. 10
Point of View: Bank vs. Customer
• Customers hear bankers say, “The bank will
credit your deposit account.”
• Customers view their deposits as assets.
• Therefore, customers think credits = assets.
11. 11
Off Balance Sheet
• What does “off balance sheet” mean?
• Why do off balance sheet items exist?
• Why aren’t they on the balance sheet?
12. 12
Off Balance Sheet
• Off balance sheet items:
– Things that a business has possession of (or
responsibility for) but does not actually own
– Commitments that a business has made but is
not yet scheduled to fulfill
– Obligations a business has committed to
depending on the outcome of contingent events
23. 23
Cash Flow — Sources and Uses
• Typical sources of cash:
– Sales
– Decreases in assets
– Increases in liabilities
– Increases in capital accounts
– Non-cash expenses
24. 24
Cash Flow — Sources and Uses
• Typical uses of cash:
– Expenses
– Increases in assets
– Decreases in liabilities
– Decreases in capital accounts
Nontransaction Deposits: are the overall primary source of bank liabilities (74%) and are accounts from which the depositor cannot write checks; examples include savings accounts and time deposits (also known as CDs or certificates of deposit)
Nontransaction deposits are generally a bank’s highest cost funds because banks want deposits which are more stable and predictable and will pay more to the depositors (funds suppliers) in order to achieve such attributes.
Certain borrowings can be more volatile than other liabilities, depending on market conditions. They currently make up about 12% of bank liabilities, but have been as high as 26% (2004) and as low as 2% (1960) in recent history.
Borrowings: banks obtain funds by borrowing from the Federal Reserve System, other banks, and corporations; these borrowings are called: discount loans/advances (from the Fed), fed funds (from other banks), interbank offshore dollar deposits (from other banks), repurchase agreements (a.k.a., “repos” from other banks and companies), commercial paper and notes (from companies and institutional investors)
Bank Capital: is the source of funds supplied by the bank owners, either directly through purchase of ownership shares or indirectly through retention of earnings (retained earnings being the portion of funds which are earned as profits but not paid out as ownership dividends). This is about 6% of assets.
Since assets minus liabilities equals capital, capital is seen as protecting the liability suppliers from asset devaluations or write-offs (capital is also called the balance sheet’s “shock absorber,” thus capital levels are important).
Securities: these are either U.S. government/agency debt, municipal debt, and other (non-equity) securities. These make-up about 17% of assets. Short-term Treasury debt is often referred to as secondary reserves because of its high liquidity.
Loans: representing 74% of assets, these are a bank’s income-earning assets, such as business loans, auto loans, and mortgages. These are generally not very liquid. Most banks tend to specialize in either consumer loans or business loans, and even take that as far as loans to specific groups (such as a particular industry).