1. Pharmaceutics in the Environment Aditya Parmar Alejandro Azuaje Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Analytics

2. Outline Pharmaceuticals in Environment Kinds of Pharmaceutics and Their Effects Pharmaceutics Action Method and Examples Case Study: Story of Indian Vultures 4.1. Vultures Species 4.2. The Problem 4.3. Population Decline and concequences Principle Cause Toxicity Economical Cost Efforts to save the Bird

3. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

4. Introduction of pharmaceutics in the environment Excedents Human pharmaceutics Veterinarian pharmaceutics Waste Purines Waste water Soil Landfills Treatment plants Underground water Surface waters Consuming water http://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/4885/4/03_Mem%C3%B2ria.pdf

5. Kinds of Pharmaceutics and Their Effects

6. Pharmaceutics Action Method and Examples

8. Extinct in ten years, vultures decline quicker than the dodo

9. Population Decline

10. Earlys 90‘s: 92 % of decline

11. By 2007 the decline was 99.99 % Source: vulturerescue.org

12. Consequences

13. Tower of silence

14. Area Effected

15. Principle cause Post mortem examinations showed that the majority of dead vultures had visceral gout, due to kidney damage. NO evidence of viral or bacterial infectious disease, pesticides, poisons, heavy metals, or nutritional deficiency. Researchers tested the theory that vultures were encountering a toxin while feeding on livestock carcasses (their main food source). Surveys of veterinarians and pharmacists identified diclofenac as a recently introduced and widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), known to be toxic to the kidneys of mammals.

16. Principle cause The drug is cheap (less than US$1 for a course) and widely used in the treatment of inflammation, pain and fever in livestock. The key diclofenac breakthrough was made in 2003 , lead by Professor Lindsay Oaks from Washington State University, USA Extensive research has followed up on this work, establishing the same correlation.

19. Toxicity Dead birds were often characterised by the presence of extensive kidney failure. Further investigation showed that diclofenac was fatal to vultures at 10 percent of the recommended mammal dose. The study found that 85 percent of 259 vultures examined had died of visceral gout, a condition caused by renal failure.

20. Toxicity-Oaks et al.

21. Toxicity-Oaks et al.

22. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species.

23. Cost of loosing vultures Over the 14 year period from 1993-2006 the estimated total cost of the health costs attributable to vulture declines is a staggering US$ 34 billion. Reference: Ecological Economics- 03130

24. Efforts to save the bird Banning Diclofenac Breeding centres Research programs on population monitoring and toxicity of other drugs Awareness Programs Short Video Clip

25. References Karl Fent and Others. Ecotoxicology of Human Pharmaceuticals. Switzerland. 2005. Pag. 122-159. www.wikipedia.com www.vulturerescue.org www.wikipedia.com www.vulturerescue.org http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745453 http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/asia_vulture_crisis/diclofenac.html Environment International 33 (2007) 759–765 Nature. 2004 Feb 12;427(6975):630-3. Ecological Economics http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=happy-fish-go-hungry http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2263

26. THANKS