Interestin information about molecular genetics

2. THE DNA
DNA: or deoxyribonucleic acid, it is the substance that carries genetic information in a cell.
DNA COMPONENTS
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
DNA STRUCTURE
DNA is made up of two chains of nucleoids.
The nitrogenous bases on each chain join together (adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine).
The two strands (chains) are twisted around each other: double helix.
The two strands of nucleotides are connected because nitrogeonous bases are linked by hydrogen bonds.

3. REPLICATION. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
REPLICATION
It is the process that occurred when the DNA duplicates itself.
TRANSCRIPTION
It consists of copying part of the genetic message from its original format (DNA) to a different format (RNA),
so it can be used to synthesise a specific protein.
TRANSLATION
It is the process in which ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins,
following transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus
THE GENETIC CODE
It is the relationship between the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA and the sequences of amino acids
that make up proteins
CHARACTERISTICS:
Without the code the genetic material cannot be used.
It is a universal code.

4. THE HUMAN GENOME
DEFINITION:
It is an organism’s complete set of genes.
APPLICATIONS:
Diagnosis and prevention of genetic diseases.
Gene therapy
The design of more efficient medicines which can be personalised.
New research into human genetics

5. GENETIC ENGINEERING
It consists of the techniques used to manipulate genetic material in order to change an
organism’s traits.
STAGES OF MANIPULATION USES
Biological research.
Police investigation and forensic medicine.
Paternity tests.
Historical and archaeological studies.

6. BIOTECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS IT?
It is a field of applied biology that involves the use of organisms and bioprocesses in engineering,
technology, medicine, etc.
TYPES:
Bioinformatics.
Blue biotechnology: applied to marine and aquatic researches.
Green biotechnology: applied to agricultural processeses.
Red biotechnology: applied to medical processeses.
White biotechnology: or industrial biotechnology because it is applied to industrial processeses.

7. BIOTECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS IT?
It is a field of applied biology that involves the use of organisms and bioprocesses in engineering,
technology, medicine, etc.
TYPES:
Bioinformatics.
Blue biotechnology: applied to marine and aquatic researches.
Green biotechnology: applied to agricultural processeses.
Red biotechnology: applied to medical processeses.
White biotechnology: or industrial biotechnology because it is applied to industrial processeses.