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1. MARASMUS
1. This disease is caused by deficiency of
protein as well as energy nutrients (that is
carbohydrates and fats) in the diet.
2. Marasmus occurs in children below the age
of 1 year.
3. This disease is more common in towns and
cities where breast-feeding in discontinued
quite early.
4. No swelling of body takes place in
Marasmus.
5. In Marasmus, wasting of muscles is quite
evident. The child is reduced to skin and
bones.
6. Skin does not change color and does not
break.

2. Kwashiorkor
1. This disease is caused by the
deficiency of protein in the diet of
child.
2. Kwashiorkor occurs in children in
the age group 1-5 years.
3. The disease is more common in
villages where there is small gap
period between successive
pregnancies.
4. In this disease, swelling of body is
observed due to retention of
fluids.
5. Wasting of muscles is not evident.
6. Skin changes color and become
broken and scaly.

3. Introduction to Statistics
and Demography
Ma. Jenna Paje-Andres, RMT, MPH

4. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Overview of Session
The students are introduced to basic concepts in
statistics and analysis and presentation of
public health data, using a non-mathematical
approach. Sources of routine data and their
interpretation will be likewise discussed.
The session will also provide students with basic
tools needed to manage, analyze and interpret
information and statistics.

5. Objectives
At the end of the session the student
should be able to:
• Apply statistical principles to specific
area to study within the public health
• Recognize and utilize appropriate
statistical procedure and tools.

6. Statistics can be regarded in
two ways:
• As a Method
• As Data

7. • As a METHOD it refers to orderly processes
of data collection, organization, presentation
and interpretation (tabulation of
data, computation of rates and frequency
distribution, graphic presentation)
• As a DATA it refers to quantitative data
affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity
of causes. Data are collected in order to
measure something (number of
deaths, births, specific diseases, hospital
admissions)

8. Uses of Statistics
–Problems of estimates
–Problems of comparison

9. Classification of Statistical Data
1. Demographic- ex. Population
size, age, sex, geographic
distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate
2. Health Status- ex. Causes and distribution of
mortality and morbidity as to residence, place of
occurrence, age, sex
3. Health Resources- ex. Number and distribution of
health facilities, health manpower, health
expenditures
4. Health-related Socio-economic Environmental
Factors- ex. Water supply, excreta disposal, school
enrollment, food establishment, transports, food
intake/habits

10. Uses of Statistics
1. Problems of estimates
2. Problems of comparison
3. Health need identification
4. Analysis of problem and trends
5. Epidemiologic evaluation
6. Program planning
7. Budget preparation and justification
8. Administrative decision making
9. Health education

11. Organization of Data
• Tabulation- it refers to the
arrangement of any data in an
orderly sequence, so that they
can be presented concisely and
compactly and so that they can
be understood easily.

12. Types of Data for Tabulation
1. Frequency Distribution- data are grouped
according to some scale of
classification, where the sum of the entries is
equal to the total. The figures may either be
in actual numbers, in percent or in both. The
scales used may be qualitative, quantitative
or both.
2. Correlation data- used to compare two or
more frequencies
3. Time series data- some variables changes
over a period of time is the one being

13. Parts of a Table
1. Title- Should states the objective of the table. It
should state clearly, briefly, and comprehensively
what the figures in the body of the table stand
for, how the data are classified, where and when
obtained.
2. Stubs- indicate the basis of classification of the rows
or horizontal series of figures
3. Column heading- indicates the basis of classification
of columns or vertical series of figures.
4. Body of the Table- This is made up of the figures
filing the cells or compartments brought about by
the coordinates of the rows and columns.
5. Marginal totals- refer to the column totals and row
totals
6. Footnote- indicates the source of information.

15. Tabulation
Example:
A paper was submitted discussing the cases and a death
due to cholera in 2002 with the purpose of showing the
case fatality rate was higher in a Muslem province (Lanao
del Sur), than in a Christian procince (Zamboanga del
Norte) in all ages.
“Of the 930 cases reported in Lanao del Sur, 388 or 41.7%
died as against 191 cases reported in Zamboanga del
Norte of which 26 or 13.6% died. On closer study, it was
observed that while the relative positions of each age
group in terms of CFR (Case Fatality Rate) is the same
both provinces it was noted that CFRs in Lanao del Sur
were more than twice the values obtained in Zamboanga
del Norte.

16. There are 107 cases and 54 deaths under 10
years in Lanao del Sur with a CFR of 50.5% as
against 55 cases and 12 deaths in Zamboanga
del Norte, with a CFR% of 21.8%. In the age
group 10-24, there were 156 cases and 30
deaths reported in Lanao del Sur with 19.2%
CFR while cases and 3 deaths were recorded in
Zamboanga del Norte with a CFR of 7.6%. In
the last age group of 25 years and over, 667
cases and 304 deaths were recorded for Lanao
del Sur, with a CFR of 45.6% while in
Zamboanga del Norte, there were 97 cases and
11 deaths with a CFR of 11.3%.”

17. Cases and Deaths, Cholera El Tor
Lanao del Sur and Zamboanga del Norte, 2002
Lanao del Sur Zamboanga del Norte
Age Group Cases Deaths CFR Cases Deaths CFR
under 10 years 107 54 50.5 55 12 21.8
10-24 years 156 30 19.2 39 3 7.6
25 years & over 667 304 45.6 97 11 11.3
Total 930 388 41.7 191 28 13.6

18. Graphing
- The purpose is to convey a simpler idea
of what the statistical table contains.
- A statistical graph is either a series of
lines joined together, or bars or enclosed
areas, drawn to represent certain
statistical information under consideration.
- Primary tools for presentation and
analysis.

19. Parts of a Graph
1. Title- indicate clearly and briefly what the figures in the body
of the graph stand for, how the data were classified, and
where and when obtained. This is placed at the bottom of
the graph, preceded by a number for easy reference.
2. Axis- a graph has 2 axes, the vertical and the horizontal. One
of the axes is always quantitative scale while the other is
either qualitative or quantitative scales.
1. X axis- horizontal
2. Y axis- vertical
3. Legend- this is needed when one is drawing more than one
graph in a graphing space. This clarifies to what particular
item each of the graph refers. It is placed either at the
bottom of the graph or as close as possible to the figures
being identified.
4. Body of the graph- these are the lines, bars or figures drawn
within the graphing space.

20. Types of data commonly represented
by graphs
• Frequency distribution- there are two kinds
of scales used, the qualitative and the
quantitative which may discontinuous
variety (counts) or continuous
(measurement)
• Trends- numbers (counts) or raters
(measurements) plotted over a given time
period
• Correlation data- maybe either of the two

21. Different Types of Graphs
1. Line graph- this is used to graph time
series data to depict trends or
changes with time with respect to
some other variables
2. Histogram- used to graph continuous
variables
3. Polygon- used to graph continuous
variables

22. 4. Bar or Stick graph- this is used to graph
qualitative variables and discontinuous
variables of the quantitative variety.
5. Pictorial Diagram- this is usually in the form
of rectangles, squares or circles (pie), used
to depict the distribution of a whole, with
different segments representing different
segments representing different
frequencies.
6. Scatter point diagram- this is used to show
relationship of simultaneous measurements.

23. DEMOGRAPHY
• Statistical study of human
population
• It encompasses the study of the
size, structure and distribution of
these populations, and spatial
and/or temporal changes in them in
response to birth, migration, aging
and death.

24. POPULATION
• Population is the study of the
character, number, and distribution of
living organisms residing in or migrating
through particular places.
• Study of population is closely associated
with social and biological sciences and
it examines the relative size of a breeding
group with respect to the age
structure, number of
viable offspring, survival rates, and longevity
among separate aggregations.

25. There are three principal uses of
population data in health
administration, and these are for:
1. The computation of vital and health
statistics rates and ratios
2. Setting up coverage of activities
3. Setting up norms for assignment of
health facilities, staff and funds

26. Estimates of population Size
1. Continuous Population Registration
– Consist of registering births, deaths, emigration
and immigration, making necessary additions and
subtractions to the existing population
2. Surveys
– Simple way of estimating the number of
population in a smaller area. One ay is to count
the number of houses and for every ten
houses, conduct a census. Based on the censused
household, estimate the average occupant per
house and then multiply this figure by the
number of household.

27. 3. Mathematical Estimates
• Arithmetic Increase Method- it is assumed
that the population increases at a constant
amount per year. The difference between the
last two censuses is taken and then divided by
the number of year between them to get the
average amount of population increase per
year.
• Geometric Increase Method- assume that
population increases at a constant rate per
year. The principle mathematical operation
therefore is the determination of annual rate
of population change.