Basal Ganglia Motor Control Under 40
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Basal Ganglia Motor Control Under 40
- 18. Direct Pathway (aka the Express Route) CORTEX PUTAMEN (GPe) (STN) GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) Glutamate (+) GABA (-) GABA (-)
- 19. Indirect Pathway (aka, scenic route) CORTEX PUTAMEN GP externa STN GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) GABA (-) Glutamate (+) GABA (-) GABA (-) Glutamate (+)
- 21. DA in Direct Pathway Substantia Nigra pars compacta Dopamine (+)
- 22. DA in the Indirect Pathway Dopamine (-) Substantia Nigra pars compacta
- 23. Direct and Indirect Motor Loops CORTEX PUTAMEN (GPe) (STN) GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) Glu(+) GABA (-) GABA (-) (--) CORTEX PUTAMEN GP externa STN GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) GABA (-) GABA (-) GABA (-) Glutamate (+) DA (+) Glu(+)
- 24. Striatal Connexions Cerebral cortex Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Substantia nigra Tone inhibitor dopamine Thalamus (corticostriate) – motor region (thalamostriate) (Nigrostriate) Striatonigral Inhib GABA striatopallida Subthalamic nucleus Subthalamic fasciculus - - + Pallidonigral 1 2 2 2 3
- 26. Command for movement - + + Motor Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Thalamus
- 35. Hemiballismus CORTEX PUTAMEN GP externa STN GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) GABA (-) GABA (-) GABA (-) Glutamate (+) Glutamate (+) +
- 38. Huntington’s Disease CORTEX PUTAMEN GP externa STN GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) GABA (-) Glutamate (+) GABA (-) GABA (-) Glutamate (+) +
- 40. Parkinson’s Disease CORTEX PUTAMEN (GPe) (STN) GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) Glu(+) GABA (-) GABA (-) (--) CORTEX PUTAMEN GP externa STN GP interna VA/VL THALAMUS Glutamate (+) GABA (-) GABA (-) GABA (-) Glutamate (+) DA (+) Glu(+)
- 41. Dopamine Clinical symptoms: Occur when 70 %– 80% of Dopamine depleted Decreased Dopamine formation Reduced dopaminergic Impulses to the striatum Enhanced excitation of globus palledus and subthalamic nucleus Increased inhibition of the thalamus Decreased cortical regulation
Notas do Editor
- Executive loop: involves dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and part of the caudate Limbic loop: involves cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens Oculomotor loop: involves cadate and superior colliculus (responsible for eliciting rapid eye movements called saccades) Focus here on the motor loop, (the other loops are similar so if we learn this now it should help demystify the others) BG influences movement by regulating upper motor neurons-necessary for normal initiation of voluntary movement Responds in anticipation of and during movements
- Balance between the two are not well-defined, but they work together for movement. While they are presented separately here, keep in mind they are working simultaneously.
- Overall Excitatory by disinhibiting the upper motor neurons in the cortex (promotes movement)
- Overall inhibitory. Serves to modulate the disinihibitory actions of the direct pathway
- DA stimulates the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway for an overall excitatory effect. DA input is needed for stimulation of the putamen, along with input from the cortex.
- Predominantly D1-receptors
- Predominantly D2-Receptors
- Lesion in STN reduced inhibitory outflow of basal ganglia in indirect pathway Sx: violent, involuntary movement of limbs