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DSS Chapter Explains Decision Support Tools
1.
1 Chapter
8 Decision Support Systems McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.
2
Learning Objectives Identify the changes taking place in the form and use of decision support in e-business enterprises. Identify the role and reporting alternatives of management information systems. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
3
Learning Objectives (continued) Describe how online analytical processing can meet key information needs of managers. Explain the decision support system concept and how it differs from traditional management information systems. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
4
Learning Objectives (continued) Explain how the following information systems can support the information needs of executives, managers, and business professionals: Executive information systems Enterprise information portals Enterprise knowledge portals McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
5
Learning Objectives (continued) Identify how neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, virtual reality, and intelligent agents can be used in business. How can expert systems be used in business decision-making situations? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
6
Section I Decision Support in Business McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
7
Business and Decision Support To succeed, companies need information systems that can support the diverse information and decision-making needs of their managers and business professionals. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
8
Business and Decision Support (continued) Information, Decisions, & Management The type of information required by decision makers is directly related to the level of management and the amount of structure in the decision situations. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
9
Business and Decision Support (continued) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
10
Business and Decision Support (continued) Information Quality Timeliness Provided WHEN it is needed Up-to-date when it is provided Provided as often as needed Provided about past, present, and future time periods as necessary McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
11
Business and Decision Support (continued) Information Quality (continued) Content Free from errors Should be related to the information needs of a specific recipient for a specific situation Provide all the information that is needed Only the information that is needed should be provided Can have a broad or narrow scope, or an internal or external focus Can reveal performance McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
12
Business and Decision Support (continued) Information Quality (continued) Form Provided in a form that is easy to understand Can be provided in detail or summary form Can be arranged in a predetermined sequence Can be presented in narrative, numeric, graphic, or other forms Can be provided in hard copy, video, or other media. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
13
Business and Decision Support (continued) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.
14
Business and Decision Support (continued) Decision Structure Structured decisions Involve situations where the procedures to be followed can be specified in advance Unstructured decisions Involve situations where it is not possible to specify most of the decision procedures in advance McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
15
Business and Decision Support (continued) Decision structure (continued) Semistructured decisions Some decision procedures can be specified in advance, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.
16
Business and Decision Support (continued) Amount of structure is typically tied to management level Operational – more structured Tactical – more semistructured Strategic – more unstructured McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
17
Decision Support Trends The growth of corporate intranets, extranets and the Web has accelerated the development and use of “executive class” information delivery & decision support software tools to virtually every level of the organization. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
18
Management Information Systems The original type of information system Produces many of the products that support day-to-day decision-making These information products typically take the following forms: Periodic scheduled reports Exception reports Demand reports and responses Push reports McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
19
Management Information Systems (continued) Management reporting alternatives Periodic scheduled reports Prespecified format Provided on a scheduled basis Exception reports Produced only when exceptional conditions occur Reduces information overload McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
20
Management Information Systems (continued) Management reporting alternatives (continued) Demand reports and responses Available when demanded. Ad hoc Push reports Information is sent to a networked PC over the corporate intranet. Not specifically requested by the recipient McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
21
Online Analytical Processing Enables managers and analysts to interactively examine & manipulate large amounts of detailed and consolidated data from many perspectives Analyze complex relationships to discover patterns, trends, and exception conditions Real-time McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
22
Online Analytical Processing (continued) Involves.. Consolidation Theaggregation of data. From simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated data Drill-Down Display detail data that comprise consolidated data McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
23
Online Analytical Processing (continued) Slicing and Dicing The ability to look at the database from different viewpoints. When performed along a time axis, helps analyze trends and find patterns McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
24.
24
Decision Support Systems Computer-based information systems that provide interactive information support during the decision-making process DSS’s use Analytical models Specialized databases The decision maker’s insights & judgments An interactive, computer-based modeling process to support making semistructured and unstructured business decisions McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
25.
25
Decision Support Systems (continued) Designed to be ad hoc, quick-response systems that are initiated and controlled by the decision maker DSS Models and Software Rely on model bases as well as databases Might include models and analytical techniques used to express complex relationships McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
26.
26
Decision Support Systems (continued) DSS models and software (continued) Can combine model components to create integrated models in support of specific types of business decisions McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
27.
27
Decision Support Systems (continued) Geographic Information & Data Visualization Systems Special categories of DSS that integrate computer graphics with other DSS features GIS A DSS that uses geographic databases to construct and display maps and other graphics displays McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
28.
28
Decision Support Systems (continued) Geographic information and data visualization systems (continued) Data visualization systems Represent complex data using interactive three-dimensional graphic forms Helps discover patterns, links, and anomalies McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
29.
29
Using Decision Support Systems An interactive modeling process Four types of analytical modeling What-if analysis Sensitivity analysis Goal-seeking analysis Optimization analysis McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
30.
30
Using Decision Support Systems (continued) What-If Analysis End user makes changes to variables, or relationships among variables, and observes the resulting changes in the values of other variables McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
31.
31
Using Decision Support Systems (continued) Sensitivity Analysis A special case of what-if analysis The value of only one variable is changed repeatedly, and the resulting changes on other variables are observed Typically used when there is uncertainty about the assumptions made in estimating the value of certain key variables McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
32.
32
Using Decision Support Systems (continued) Goal-Seeking Analysis Instead of observing how changes in a variable affect other variables, goal-seeking sets a target value (a goal) for a variable, then repeatedly changes other variables until the target value is achieved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
33.
33
Using Decision Support Systems (continued) Optimization Analysis A more complex extension of goal-seeking The goal is to find the optimum value for one or more target variables, given certain constraints McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
34.
34
Using Decision Support Systems (continued) Data Mining for Decision Support Software analyzes vast amounts of data Attempts to discover patterns, trends, & correlations May perform regression, decision tree, neural network, cluster detection, or market basket analysis McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
35.
35
Executive Information Systems EIS’s combine many of the features of MIS and DSS Originally intended to provide top executives with immediate, easy access to information about the firm’s “critical success factors” Alternative names Enterprise information systems Executive support systems McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Executive Information Systems (continued) Features of an EIS Information presented in forms tailored to the preferences of the users Most stress use of graphical user interface and graphics displays May also include exception reporting and trend analysis McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Enterprise Portals and Decision Support A Web-based interface and integration of intranet and other technologies that gives all intranet users and selected extranet users access to a variety of internal & external business applications and services McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Enterprise Portals and Decision Support (continued) Business benefits More specific and selective information Easy access to key corporate intranet website resources Industry and business news Access to company data for stakeholders Less time spent on unproductive surfing McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Knowledge Management Systems IT that helps gather, organize, and share business knowledge within an organization Hypermedia databases that store and disseminate business knowledge. May also be called knowledge bases Best practices, policies, business solutions Entered through the enterprise knowledge portal McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Section II Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Business McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Business and AI “Designed to leverage the capabilities of humans rather than replace them,…AI technology enables an extraordinary array of applications that forge new connections among people, computers, knowledge, and the physical world.” McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Artificial Intelligence A field of science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, & engineering Goal is to develop computers that can think, see, hear, walk, talk, and feel Major thrust – development of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence – reasoning, learning, problem solving McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Artificial Intelligence (continued) Domains of AI Three major areas Cognitive science Robotics Natural interfaces McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Artificial Intelligence (continued) Cognitive science Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn Applications Expert systems Adaptive learning systems Fuzzy logic systems Neural networks Intelligent agents McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Artificial Intelligence (continued) Robotics Produces robot machines with computer intelligence and computer controlled, humanlike physical capabilities Natural interfaces Natural language and speech recognition Talking to a computer and having it understand Virtual reality McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Neural Networks Computing systems modeled after the brain’s meshlike network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons Goal – the neural network learns from data it processes McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Fuzzy Logic Systems A method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning Allows for approximate values and inferences Allows for incomplete or ambiguous data Allows “fuzzy” systems to process incomplete data and provide approximate, but acceptable, solutions to problems McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Genetic Algorithms Uses Darwinian, randomizing, & other mathematical functions to simulate an evolutionary process that can yield increasingly better solutions Especially useful for situations in which thousands of solutions are possible & must be evaluated McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Virtual Reality Computer-simulated reality Relies on multisensory input/output devices Allows interaction with computer-simulated objects, entities, and environments in three dimensions McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Intelligent Agents A “software surrogate” for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity Uses built-in and learned knowledge base about a person or process to make decisions and accomplish tasks McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Expert Systems A knowledge-based information system that uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application area to act as an expert consultant Provides answers to questions in a very specific problem area Must be able to explain reasoning process and conclusions to the user McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Expert Systems (continued) Components Knowledge base Software resources McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Expert Systems (continued) Knowledge base Contains Factsabout a specific subject area Heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of an expert on the subject McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Expert Systems (continued) Software Resources Contains an inference engine and other programs for refining knowledge and communicating Inference engine processes the knowledge, and makes associations and inferences User interface programs, including an explanation program, allows communication with user McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Developing Expert Systems Beginwith an expert system shell Add the knowledge base Built by a “knowledge engineer” Works with experts to capture their knowledge Works with domain experts to build the expert system McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Value of Expert Systems McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Value of Expert Systems (continued) Benefits Can outperform a single human expert in many problem situations Helps preserve and reproduce knowledge of experts Limitations Limited focus, inability to learn, maintenance problems, developmental costs McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Discussion Questions Is the form and use of information and decision support in e-business changing and expanding? Has the growth of self-directed teams to manage work in organizations changed the need for strategic, tactical, and operational decision making in business? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Discussion Questions (continued) What is the difference between the ability of a manager to retrieve information instantly on demand using an MIS and the capabilities provided by a DSS? In what ways does using an electronic spreadsheet package provide you with the capabilities of a decision support system? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Discussion Questions (continued) Are enterprise information portals making executive information systems unnecessary? Can computers think? Will they EVER be able to? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Discussion Questions (continued) What are some of the most important applications of AI in business? What are some of the limitations or dangers you see in the use of AI technologies such as expert systems, virtual reality, and intelligent agents? What could be done to minimize such effects? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 1 – AmeriKing & Others AmeriKing’s old system Relied on an antiquated corporate information system. Involved mailing or faxing paper reports to managers. AmeriKing’s new system An intranet-based enterprise information portal Enables employees to use Web browsers to instantly access financial, marketing, human resource, and other reports. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 1 (continued) What is the business value to a company of an enterprise portal like AmeriKing’s? What are several ways AmeriKing could improve the business value of its portal? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 1 (continued) How might an enterprise portal help you as a business professional or manager in your work activities? Is it becoming necessary for all companies to provide an enterprise information portal to their employees? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 2 – BAE Systems Problems Wasted time trying to find information to do the job. Duplication of effort Information overload Inadequate search capability Solution An intranet-based knowledge management system McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 2 (continued) What problems was BAE having in knowledge sharing? Are such problems common to many companies? How does BAE’s knowledge management system help solve such problems? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 2 (continued) What are some of the business benefits and potential limitations of BAE’s knowledge management system? What is the difference between a corporate intranet and a knowledge management system? What is the difference in their business value? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 3 – Cisco Systems, NetFlix, & Office Depot What are the business benefits and limitations of Cisco’s Web-based system for its channel managers? Do you agree that NetFlix’s real-time personalization system is critical to their success? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 3 (continued) Do you think salespeople will appreciate and benefit from the real-time alert system envisioned for Office Depot? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 4 – Producers Assistance, Kinko’s, & Champion Printing Using Spatial Information Systems to… Find workers Find services Find customers McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 4 (continued) What is the business value of spatial information systems? How else could spatial information systems be used in business? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 4 (continued) How helpful is Kinko’s location finder service? What else can they do to improve this spatial information management application? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 5 – Schneider National The business value of business intelligence (BI) “We were drowning in data but starving for information.” McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 5 (continued) What problem was Schneider National having with their business data? How did business intelligence solve the problem? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Real World Case 5 (continued) What are the benefits and limitations of business intelligence software as demonstrated by Schneider National? What is the business value of business intelligence as defined by Cognos? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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