3. SALIHU ,KOMBO A
Msc nursing (in view) ,BNsc,RPHN,RM,RN

4. INTRODUCTION
 The word research means “to search again” or “to
examine carefully”.,
 Research is systematic inquiry, or study to validate and
refine existing knowledge and develop new knowledge.
 The ultimate goal of research is the development of a
body of knowledge for a discipline or profession such
as nursing

5. Nursing research help the nurses in a variety of
settings answer question about patient care,
education and administration. Research ensures
that the practices are based on evidence rather
than tradition.
Nursing research can be done in education,
administration and patient in care.

6. NEED OF RESEARCH IN NURSING
1. To maintain the professionalism , ie: professional dignity
2. To have autonomy in nursing.
3. To have accountability .
4. To develop critical thinking, creativity , and problem solving technique.
5. To develop new technique of nursing intervention.
6. To evaluate the effectiveness of new nursing techniques.
7. To develop a scientific body of knowledge
8. To answer problem relating to health delivery and care
9. To determine areas of need relating to education, IPR and patient teaching.

7. Definition of key Terms
1.Research-
2.Abstract-An abbreviated summary of the research problem, methodology, findings
and significance.
3.Data - is any numerical fact or information which can be measured or given a
numerical qualification or Pieces of information obtained in the course of the study
4.Population-
. Population : A population is an aggregate of elements showing some common set of
criteria.
Target population: the total group of individual people or things meeting the designated
criteria of interest to the researcher from which the sample is selected.
Accessible population: the aggregate of cases which conform to the designated criteria
and which is accessible to the researcher as a pool of subjects for the study

8. 5.Hypothesis –A statement of the predicted
relationships between the factors one wishes to
analyze, i.e, the variables in a study.
Types
Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis (declarative hypothesis)
6.Sampling and Sampling techniques(process)-
Sampling-It is the process of selecting a subset of
a population in order to obtain information
regarding a phenomenon in a way that
represents the entire population.

9. Sampling helps the Researcher in many aspects
which includes:
It reduces the time and cost of research studies
It saves labor
The quality of a study is often better with
sampling than with a complete coverage.
It provides much quicker results than does a
census
It is the only procedure possible, if the
population is infinite.

10. THE SAMPLING PROCESS
Define the population(clear demarcation)
Specify sampling frame(elements of the
population eg telephone book)
Specify sampling unit
Specify sampling method of measurement
Determine sample size
Specify sampling plan
Select the sample

11. 7.Operational definition of terms-Specifications of the specific
and explicit operations which the researcher must perform in
order to collect the required information or How a variable or
concept will be defined and measured in the study
8.Theoretical frame work-
9.Conceptual framework- An organized way of thinking about
how and why a project takes place,and about how we
understand its activities.
10.Literature review- The review of the literature involves the
systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents
containing information related to the research problem.
 Sources
-primary
-secondary

12. 11.Pilot study- is a small-scale version or trial
run designed to test the methods to be used in a
larger, more rigorous study, which is
sometimes referred to as parent study. Pilot
studies are not just studies with a small number
of participants, nor are they small,exploratory
studies such as may be conducted by graduate
students. The focus of pilot studies is not
substantive-that is, their purpose is not to
answer a research question.

13. The purpose of a pilot study is to prevent
expensive fiasco-the misfortune of undertaking
a costly but flawed large case study. For this
reason, pilot studies are sometimes referred to
as feasibility studies

14. Research Question-A research question or a
statement about the purpose of the study or :
Interrogative statements that focus on
which variables or concepts are to be
described and the relationships that might
exist among them.

15. Issues to be resolved before
commencing research studies
Merit of the Area
Significance of the problem
Researchability of the problem-
• Time commitment
• Money commitment
• Researchers’ expertise
• Availability of subjects, facility, and equipment
• Ethical considerations
Interest of the research
Feasibility of the study
Ethical consideration-Health research ethics is a system of internationally codified
principles, policies and practices that govern the conduct of health related research
with the aim of protecting the research participant.

16. The research Process
Identification of the problem
Identifying a Topic
It provides structure for the steps in the scientific method
It is discussed in many ways
Research question
Research problem
Purpose of the research
Four main sources of topics
Theory – an organized body of concepts, generalizations and principles
that can be subjected to investigation
Provides conceptually rich topics
Provides confirmation of some aspects of theory
Personal experience
Replication
Library immersion

17. Review of literature
Four stages when conducting a review
Identifying key words to guide the search
Identifying sources
Abstracting the information found in the references
Analyzing, organizing and reporting the literature
Developing a theoretical/Conceptual framework
 It provides a context for examining a problem i.e. theoretical rationale for:
Developing hypotheses
 A frame of reference/base for
 Observations
 Definitions of concepts
 Research designs
 Interpretations
 Generalizations
 Serves as a guide to systematically identify logical, precisely defined relationships among variables

18. Identify the research design
A research design is a detailed plan of action for the research.
A Plan of action prepared by a research scholar for his study
is known as research design. Research design is the
conceptual structure within research is conducted; it
constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement
and analysis of data(Mustapha 2011).
According to Kerlingers the design has two has basic purposes
“To provide answers to research question”
“To control variance”

19. STEPS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Selection of a research problem
Background to the problem
Formulation of objective
Hypothesis
Conceptual clarity
Methodology
Survey of literature and documentation of data collected
Bibliography
Testing of hypothesis
Interpretation
Presentation
Report writing

20. Identifying the research Design
A framework or blueprint for
conducting the M.R project.
Specifies the details of the procedures
necessary for obtaining information
needed to structure &/ or solve the
M.R problem.

21. Single Cross-
Sectional Design
Multiple Cross-
Sectional Design
Fig. 3.1
Research Design
Conclusive Research
Design
Exploratory
Research Design
Descriptive Research Causal Research
Cross-Sectional
Design
Longitudinal Design

23. Selecting the sample
Define the population(clear demarcation)
Specify sampling frame(elements of the
population eg telephone book)
Specify sampling unit
Specify sampling method of measurement
Determine sample size
Specify sampling plan
Select the sample

24. METHODS OF SAMPLING
PROBABILITY/RANDOM SAMPLING
NON PROBABILITY/NON-RANDOM
SAMPLING

25. Select the samples
Specifying the population
Conduct a pilot study

26. Collection of the data and its
Methods
Data -information collected in the process of investigation .
Data are expressed either in quantitative (numerical) or
qualitative (non numerical) form. It can be classified as
either numeric data or non numeric data.
Quantitative Methods… (Survey)
Tools…
–Interviewer administered questionnaire
–Self-administered
– Questionnaire;
–Telephone survey;
–iv. Mailed / E-mail Questionnaire

27. Qualitative Methods (Forms)
•Observation
•Focus group discussions (FGDs)
•Key informant interviews (KII)
•In-depth Interview (IDI)
•Observation
•Action Research
•Case study Research
•Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)

28. Analyzing the data
 Descriptive statistics
 Inferential statistics
Interpreting the results
Interpretation of results, is making some sense out of the
results and examining the implication of the findings within
a broader context.
To do this the investigator must be familiar with literature on
the subject/topic under investigation, the
weakness/limitations of the meyhodology and be able to
recommend suggestions for further studies on the same
research problem which another investigator might wish to
study

29. Communicating the results/findings
-The research work is however not complete until
the findings of the study are disseminated and
information shared with colleagues at various
levels and venues.The results of the investigation
or research are of little value and use if they are
not communicated to others. To share the
information requires preparation of a research
report, which is abridge form of the whole
project.

30. The report could then be presented at
Departmental/Faculty seminar, hospital
continuing education session, conferences and
workshops or published in some relevant
national or international nursing or health
related journal for wider consumption, thus
completing the FIFTH PHASE of the research
process.

31. , I have concluded that research in nursing practice has several purposes:
a) to increase knowledge in the field, thus laying the basic foundations for the
practice of patient care,
b) to build up evidence for such practice;
c) to contribute to the attention of the population’s need for health, quality of
life and wellbeing,
d) to guide efficiency in health and nursing services, ensuring quality and cost-
benefit,
e) to generate the knowledge that guides educational and regulatory policies in
the nursing profession

32. References
Mustafa A. (2011), Nursing Research and
Statistics.India:AITBS publishers.
Filani T. Egbede (2006), Research Process,N igeria, TIELF
Publishers.
Polit F . Denise and Beck T.Jerry (2008), NURSING
RESEARCH:Generating and assessing evidence for
Nursing Practice,Australia
Ifah S. Samuel (1996), Introduction to Social Statistics,
Maiduguri-Nigeria, University of Maiduguri Printing and
Press.
Vaidyanathan R. and Neeklakshi G. (2012), Overview of
Nursing Research Including Biostatistics, India, Jay pee
Brothers Medical Publishers (p) Limited.