1. Schizophrenia
one of the most disabling and emotionally
devastating illnesses known
BY
Muhammad Abdullah Khizar
National Textile University Faisalabad
Pakistan
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2. History of Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia was actually first identified in 1887, but
can be traced back to thousands of years ago, which
means that it has been recurring throughout history.
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Schizophrenia was coined in 1911 by the Swiss
psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler
• The word schizophrenia comes from Greek roots, schizo
meaning split and phrenia meaning mind, to describe the
fragmented thinking of people with the disorder.
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3. Information on Schizophrenia
• The symptoms of Schizophrenia usually begin between
15 and 25 years old for males, with females develop it
later (around age 30).
• It is rare for a person to develop Schizophrenia before 10
years of age and after 40 years of age.
• Schizophrenia occurs in all societies regardless of class,
color, religion, culture, etc.
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4. What Is Schizophrenia?
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Schizophrenia is defined as functional psychotic condition
characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotion, volition
and perception in presence of clear consciousness, which
usually leads to social withdrawal
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder
It is classified separately from other disorders because it is not
easily categorized as an anxiety or mood disorder
Schizophrenia is characterized by the inability to separate
reality from and a non-reality
Schizophrenia patients often experience non-existent stimuli
that create perceptions of things that do not exist, such as
voices
Symptoms may include: flat effect (exhibiting no emotion),
delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking
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5. Causes of Schizophrenia
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No one knows the exact cause of schizophrenia, but multiple
possible factors have been discovered
Genetics appear to play a part; someone is more likely to develop
schizophrenia if they have an identical twin with schizophrenia than
if they have a fraternal twin with schizophrenia
It occurs in 1 percent of the general population, but is seen in 10
percent of people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, or
sister) with schizophrenia
Women infected with the influenza virus during their pregnancy are
more likely to give birth to children who will develop the disorder
Schizophrenics’ brains also contain larger fluid-filled areas than their
healthy brain counterparts
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6. Research Indications
• Schizophrenia is a disorder of the neurochemicals that
transmit messages between neurons in the brain and
quantity of synapses
• There are physical differences in the brain
• There are differences in the cognitive processing of
information
• MRIs show significant changes in brain functioning for
those with schizophrenia
• Genetic markers that can increase a person's risk for
schizophrenia
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7. Epidemiology:
 Affects 1 % of the general population.
 8% in siblings of affected subjects.
 12% in offsprings of one affected parent.
 40% in offsprings of two affected parents.
 47% in subjects of affected monozygotic twins.
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8. Different Perspectives
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Biological View
– Genetic Factors
– Biochemical Abnormalities
– Abnormal Brain Structure
– Viral Problems
Psychological Views
– Psychodynamic
– Cognitive
Sociocultural View
– Social Labeling
– Family Dysfunctioning
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9. Major Divisions of Symptoms
 Positive Symptoms
This group is characterized as a pathological excess because the symptoms in this
group add to a person’s behavior rather than subtract from a person’s behavior
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Negative Symptoms
These symptoms inhibit a person’s behavior significantly and include poverty of
speech (alogia), blunt and flat affect characterized by blunted emotional
responses or no emotional response, loss of volition (avolition), and social
withdrawal
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Psychomotor Symptoms
symptoms entail awkward movements, repeated gestures, and even catatonia
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10. Types of Schizophrenia
There are five types of schizophrenia:
• Catatonic – little to no movement, possibly a vegetative state
•Disorganized – common archetype of schizophrenia;
disorganized thinking, flat effect, inappropriate emotions or
behavior
•Paranoid – common archetype of schizophrenia; delusions,
hallucinations, false beliefs of grandeur
• Residual – long-term schizophrenia where most symptoms have
disappeared, negative symptoms (detractions from normal
behavior) often remain such as flat effect or a refusal to talk
• Undifferentiated – does not fit in one of the above categories
because the patient suffers from symptoms of multiple types
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11. Schizophrenic Delusions
• A delusion is a false belief Some common
schizophrenic delusions include:
• Being cheated
• Being harassed
• Being poisoned
• Being spied upon
• Being plotted against
• Most delusions are very grandiose and involve
the patient at the center of some large plot or
scheme
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12. Schizophrenic Hallucinations
• . A hallucination is a nonexistent stimulus that is
perceived as real
• The most common schizophrenic hallucination is
hearing voices, however the patient may also have visual
hallucinations where they see a person or object that
does not exist
• Hallucinated voices often interact with the patient:
• By commenting on their behavior
• By ordering them to do things
• By warning of impending dangers
• By talking to other voices about the patient
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13. Methods of Treatment
 Institutional Care
 Antipsychotic Drugs
 Psychotherapy
 The Community Approach
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14. Treating Schizophrenia
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Antipsychotic drugs have been effective in treating the symptoms of
schizophrenia
Unfortunately, these drugs can also have some mild side effects
including drowsiness, weight gain, jitters, movement problems, and
muscle contractions
A possible long-term side effect of antipsychotic drugs is a
condition called tardive dyskinesia where patients will develop
uncontrollable movements
Another treatment is atypical antipsychotic drugs which have less
side effects and can better treat patients not treated effectively by
the normal drugs
Therapy and counseling are also effective in improving behavior as
well as creating a system of support for the patient in their family
and friends
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15. Psychosocial Therapies
 Social Skills Training
Family-Oriented Therapies
Group Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Personal Therapy
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16. Barriers To Recovery
• Lack of Education
• Lack of Access to Effective Health Care
• Lack of funding for Schizophrenia and
related diseases
• Hopelessness and shame
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17. How Do People Live With
Schizophrenia?
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Many people diagnosed with schizophrenia are still able to live
normal, happy lives
For those diagnosed with the disorder, it is very important that they
continue to take their medication and abstain from drugs and drinking
One man diagnosed with schizophrenia presents this optimistic
picture of living with his disorder: "
Those early years when you are first diagnosed are very hard. Many
people are very surprised by the illness and don't know what to do.
Many refuse medicines. But as time goes on, most people learn what
works. They find their best medication. They find a way to live that is
satisfying and doesn't stress them too much. They learn not to drink
too much alcohol, and to take care of themselves. The find a good
doctor, and often others help them, such as friends, priest, or
counselor. People make a decent life for themselves. They find love,
,they find work....it gets better. The key is to stick with the medication,
and to never give up."
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18. Famous People With
Schizophrenia
• John Nash – Nobel Prize winner
• Syd Barret – guitarist for Pink Floyd
• Mary Todd Lincoln – wife of Abraham
Lincoln
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19. In our society How we treat these patients
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20. A Beautiful Mind The movie
• A Beautiful Mind , was created based on the life of
schizophrenic John Nash
• The movie drew the audience into Nash’s delusions, with
the imagined people and conspiracies seeming to be
completely real
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21. Common Misconceptions…
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22. Conclusion
• “If you talk to God,
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you are praying;
if God talks to you,
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you have schizophrenia”
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