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Quantum Computing: A New Era of Future Computing
- 1. Quantum Computation A New Era of Future Computing Aakash Martand Marwar Engineering College & Research Centre, Jodhpur Department of Computer Science, VIII Sem.
- 2. 2 Introduction History of Computation Computing Generations Moore’s Law Classical Computing & Challenges What is Quantum Computing Applications & Advantages Challenges Present & Future Prospects Conclusions OVERVIEW
- 4. 4 Computation Computation A process following a well-defined model that is understood and can be expressed in an algorithm, protocol, network topology, etc. In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast.
- 6. 6 History of Computation 6 Pascaline – 1642 Step Reckoner – 1672 Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1642. First called the Arithmetic Machine, Pascal's Calculator and later Pascaline, this calculating machine could add and subtract two numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition. The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672
- 7. 7 Difference Engine – 1822 A Difference Engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. J. H. Müller, an engineer, conceived of the idea of a difference machine in 1786, but Müller was unable to obtain funding to progress with the idea. On June 14, 1822, Charles Babbage proposed the use of such a machine. This machine used the decimal number system and was powered by cranking a handle. History of Computation
- 8. 88 ENIAC - 1946 History of Computation ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a large class of numerical problems. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It had a speed of one thousand times that of electro- mechanical machines. Finished shortly after the end of WWII, one of its first programs was a study of the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand- soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet (2.4 m × 0.9 m × 30 m), took up 1800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed 150 kW of power. This led to the rumor that whenever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed.
- 9. 9 Vacuum Tubes History of Computation
- 10. 1010 Texas Instruments 1954 Transistor History of Computation A replica of the first working transistor.
- 12. 12 Computing Generations • First Generation (1940-1956) – Vacuum Tubes • Second Generation (1956-1963) – Transistors • Third Generation (1964-1971) – Integrated Circuits • Fourth Generation (1971-Present) – Microprocessors • Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) – Artificial Intelligence
- 13. 13 Moore’s Law
- 14. 14 Gordon Earle MooreGordon Earle Moore is an American businessman and co- founder and Chairman of Intel Corporation and the author of Moore's Law. Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. Gordon E. Moore described the trend in his 1965 paper. His prediction has proven to be accurate, in part because the law is now used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development. Moore’s Law
- 15. 15 Moore’s Law
- 17. 17 Intel 10 Core Xeon Westmere-EX Intel’s 10 Core Xeon Westmere-EX Processor with 32nm thickness transistors. It is 3000 times thinner than human hair…!! Surprisingly, Intel is working on 22nm processor & will be available soon
- 19. 19 • Accurate and speedy computation machine • Part of life because logical work can also be done • Many kinds of numerical problems cannot be solved using conventional computers. • Example: Factorization of a number • The computer time required to factor an integer containing N digits is believed to increase exponentially with N. • Advantages – Makes work easy and faster – Any complex computation or logical work like laboratory work become easy Classical Computers Classical Computing
- 20. 20 Classical Computing Challenges With Classical Computing: • By 2020 to 2025, transistors will be so small and it will generate so much heat that standard silicon technology may eventually collapse. Already Intel has implemented 32nm silicon technology • If scale becomes too small, Electrons tunnel through micro- thin barriers between wires corrupting signals.
- 22. 22 A Quantum Computer is a machine that performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics which is behavior of particles at subatomic level. A Quantum is a smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property Quantum Computing
- 23. 23 Quantum Computing As in classical computers transistors are used which may be in ON or OFF state i.e. either ‘1’ or ‘0’ which are classical bits used for computing, process data, store data etc. The whole classical computing is based on just ‘0’ or ‘1’. In Quantum Computing, Quantum bits are used which have some special properties. A Quantum bit or ‘Qubit’ is a unit of quantum information which may be ‘1’ or ‘0’ or ‘Both’ at a same time. Many different physical objects can be used as qubits such as atoms, photons, or electrons.
- 24. 24 Quantum Computing This sphere is often called the Bloch sphere, and it provides a useful means to visualize the state of a single qubit. Qubit
- 25. 25 • A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an atom. An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>. Excited State Nucleus Light pulse of frequency for time interval t Electron State |0> State |1> Ground State Quantum Computing
- 26. 26 Quantum Computing Quantum Computers use quantum mechanical phenomena- • Superposition • Entanglement
- 27. 27 Quantum Computing Quantum Superposition •An electron has dual nature. •It can exhibit as a particle and also as wave. •Wave exhibits a phenomenon known as superposition of waves. •This phenomena allows the addition of waves numerically. •One example of a two-state quantum system is the polarization of a single photon
- 28. 28 A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states denoted by the addition of the state vectors: |> = 1 |0> + 2 |1> Where 1 and 2 are complex numbers and |1| + |2 | = 1 Quantum Computing Light pulse of frequency for time interval t/2 State |0> State |0> + |1> 2 2
- 29. 29 Quantum Computing Quantum Entanglement In Quantum Mechanics, it sometimes occurs that a measurement of one particle will effect the state of another particle, even though classically there is no direct interaction. When this happens, the state of the two particles is said to be entangled.
- 31. 31 Applications & Advantages Speed & Accuracy
- 40. 40 Applications & Advantages Parallel Processing
- 41. 41 Applications & Advantages It is the method in which a quantum computer is able to perform two or more computations simultaneously. In classical computers, parallel computing is performed by having several processors linked together. In a quantum computer, a single quantum processor is able to perform multiple computations on its own.
- 42. 42 Applications & Advantages • Parallelism allows a quantum computer to work on many computation at once.
- 67. 67 Challenges Number of bits in a word. ◦ 12-qubit machines is the most advanced to date. ◦ Difficulty with large words is, too much quantum interaction can produce undesired results. Since all the atoms interact with each other. Physical size of the machines. ◦ Current machines are too large to be of practical use to everyday society.
- 68. 68 Present & Future Prospects • When processor components reach atomic scale, Moore’s Law breaks down – Quantum effects become important whether we want them or not But huge obstacles in building a practical quantum computer!
- 69. 69 Present & Future Prospects Quantum physicists from the University of Innsbruck have set another world record: They have achieved controlled entanglement of 14 quantum bits (qubits) and, thus, realized the largest quantum register that has ever been produced. If large-scale quantum computers can be built, they will be able to solve certain problems much faster than any classical computer using the best currently known algorithms (for example integer factorization using Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body systems).
- 70. 70 Present & Future Prospects
- 71. 71
- 72. 72 Present & Future Prospects
- 73. 73 Conclusion • Quantum Computing could provide a radical change in the way computation is performed. • The advantages of Quantum Computing lie in the aspects of Quantum Mechanics that are peculiar to it, most notably entanglement. • Classical Computers will be significantly larger than Quantum Computers for the foreseeable future.
- 74. 74
- 75. 75 …Thank You…