Download and enjoy

2. WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
Name: Zia-ur-Rahman
Reg.no # BAGF15M099
7th Agronomy
Submitted to:
Dr. Abdul Rehman

3. WATERSHED
•A watershed is an area of a land, such as a
mountain or valley, which collects rainwater
into a common outlet.
•We may say it as catchment, catchment area,
catchment basin, river basin and water basin.
OR

4. •It is an area where the water from rainfall
and snowfall is drained to a common point.
OR
•Acts as a funnel by collecting all the water
with in the area covered by the watershed
channeling it to a single point.

5. Drainage Patterns
1. Watersheds that drain in to the ocean /
river are known as Open Drainage Basins.
2.Watersheds that do not drain into an ocean /
river are known as closed or terminal
drainage basins.

7. Why Manage Watersheds?
•Each and every one of us live in a unique
watershed, with interrelated natural
processes that impact our lives.

8. •Watershed management is a key step for
water resources management, flood hazard
reduction, clean water supply for drinking,
agriculture, forestry and soil conservation.

9. •Un-managed watersheds may lead to
the loss of precious resources and
contamination of water supplies.
•Climate Change

10. OBJECTIVES OF WM
The main objectives of this
multipurpose program can be described
in symbolic form by the expression
‘POWER’. Here the letters symbolize
the following:

11. •P— Production of food-fodder-fuel-fruit-
fibre-fish-milk combine on a sustained
basis; Pollution control; Prevention of
floods
•O—Over-exploitation of resources to be
minimized by controlling excessive biotic
interference like overgrazing.

12. •W—Water storage at convenient locations
for different purposes; Wild animal and
indigenous plant life conservation at
selected places.
•E— Erosion control; Eco-system safety;
Economic stability; Employment
generation.

13. •R— Recharge of ground water;
Reduction of drought hazards;
Reduction of siltation in multi-
purpose reservoirs; Recreation

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF
WATERSHED
All characteristics affect the disposal of
water.
SIZE: It helps in computing parameters
like precipitation received, retained,
drained off.

15. SHAPE: Different shapes based on
morphological parameters like geology
and structure, e.g. pear, elongated etc.
PHISIOGRAPHY: Land altitude
and physical disposition.

16. SLOPE: It controls the rainfall
distribution and movement:
CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative
approach.
DRAINAGE: It determines the flow
characteristics and so the erosion behavior.

17. Features of watershed
management
Size and shape of watershed
Watershed boundary
Topography of watershed land

18. Soil type
Amount and intensity of rainfall
Vegetative cover
Water resource and their capabilities.

19. Data collection
1. Physiographical data:
e.g. location, elevation, geology, drainage
patterns, slope.
2. Land use and cover types:
e.g. forest, cultivated areas, water areas.

20. 3. Climate and hydrology:
e.g. Precipitation, temperature, stream flow,
evaporation.
4. Socio economic data:
e.g. farming type, production income
education.

21. 5. Institutional and cultural data:
e.g. farmers organization, tradition &
religions.
6. Management needs:
e.g. environmental impacts, treatment need,
infrastructure needs.

22. Classification of watershed
The watershed is classified mainly in two
types:-
•Micro watershed (less than 400 ha) ˂ 4 sq.km
•Macro watershed(400-2000 ha.) 4- 20 sq.km

23. Micro watershed management
•A micro-watershed is a coherent ecosystem at
the smallest viable geographical area.
•It is administratively as well as operationally
the most meaningful planning unit.
•Micro-watershed planning contributes to
sustainable development of the area by
integrating varied development programs.

24. Some other types of watersheds are
Sr. NoType of Watershed Area Covered
1 Micro Watershed < 1 to 10 ha
2 Small Watershed 10 to 40 ha
3 Mini Watershed 40 to 200 ha
4 Sub Watershed 200 to 400 ha
5 Macro Watershed 400 to 1000 ha
6 River basin > 1000 ha

25. Classification based on shape:
a. Square b. Triangular c. Rectangular
d. Oval e. Fern leaf shaped f. Palm shaped
g. Polygon shaped h. Circular

26. Principles of watershed
1) Watershed as natural system
that we can work with:
•A system can be defined as complex whole
formed from related parts or a combination
of related parts organized into a complex
whole.

27. •Similarly, watershed can be regarded as a
complete system and it entails several
components. Entities that define the system
may include products or outputs leaving
the system, inputs coming to the system
and interaction (+, -) between its
components.

28. •The various parts of the watershed are
physically and operationally linked i.e. the
various resources are linked not only
spatially but also functionally, and the
potential benefit from integrated use can be
large.

29. 2) Watershed management must by
participatory:
Participatory means involving the
community is motivated to function and
contributes as a group to perform various
tasks.

30. •The adequacy of planning depends on the
human element and not only on physical or
technical aspects.
• Therefore, planning must start from people
living on the land.
•The watersheds communities must involve in
all stages of implementation of watershed
development activities.

32. 3) Is a continuous process and shall
follow a multiple disciplinary
approach:
Watershed planning is a coordinated analysis
by a team of scientists representing various
disciplines like environment, hydrology,
geology, engineering, soil science, forestry,
agronomy.

33. •Watershed Management is a continuous
cyclic process.

34. 1
2
34
5

35. 4) Watershed management must be
gender sensitive:
Women are the most affected by environmental
hardships.
•For example, they need to walk long hours to
fetch increasingly scarce water, firewood and
animal dung in addition to attending livestock,
to name a few.

37. •Their involvement in watershed development
planning, implementation and management
is the key to ensure that they equally benefit
from the various measures

38. 6)Watershed management must be
realistic, integrated, productive and
manageable:
•It must be realistic based upon local capacity,
available resources and of government and
partner support.
• Integrated conservation and development
base is the guiding principles of watershed
management.

39. 7) Watershed management must be
flexible at different level :
•Flexibility is needed during the selection of
community based, their size (slightly smaller or
flexibility or higher than the ranges indicated),
and clustering and during the steps of the
producer.

40. 8)Watershed management must be cost-
sharing and empowerment/ownership
building:
•Cost-sharing by stakeholders contributes to the
sustainability of the projects for establishing the
responsibility of various stakeholders in the
management of the resource.

41. 9) Watershed management must be
complementary to food security and
rural development mainstream (like
health, education etc.) :
•Watershed deployment planning should
incorporate additional elements related to
basic services and social infrastructure.

42. 10) Flexible approach is always need :
•One should never look for a rigid, step-by-step
‘’cookbook recipe’’ for watershed management.
•Different regions have watershed that function in
very different way, and even neighboring
watersheds can have major differences in
geology, land use, or vegetation that imply the
need for different management strategies

43. •Different communities vary in benefits they
want from their watersheds. Therefore,
watershed management is a dynamic and
continually readjusting process that is build
to accommodate these kinds of changes.

44. Components of watershed
management
Land and Water Conservation Practices:
•Soil and water conservation practices are the
primary step of watershed management
program.
•Conservation practices can be divided into
two main categories:

45. Conservation practices
1) In-situ
2) ex-situ management.

46. In-situ management
•Land and water conservation practices, those
made within agricultural fields like:
• construction of contour bunds.
•Field bunds, terraces building.
• Broad bed and furrow practice.
• Soil moisture conservation practices, are
known as in-situ management.

47. Advantages of In-situ
These practices protect:
• Land degradation.
• Improve soil health.
• Increase soil-moisture availability
•Increase groundwater recharge.

48. Ex-situ management
It includes:
•Construction of check dam
• Farm pond, gully control structures
•Pits excavation across the stream channel
is known as ex-situ management.

49. Advantages of ex-situ
•Reduce peak discharge in order to reclaim
gully formation.
• Harvest substantial amount of runoff, which
increases groundwater recharge and
irrigation potential in watersheds.
• Water stored in check dam built across the
stream channel (ex-situ management).

50. 1. Contour bunding
Function: To intercept the run off flowing down the
slope by an embankment/ bunds.

51. 2. Broad beds and furrows
Function: To control erosion and to conserve soil
moisture in the soil during rainy days.

52. 3. Artificial recharge
To increase ground water level so that it can be used in
scared condition. To augment the ground water
recharge.
Percolation canal

53. Percolation ponds

54. 4. Check dams
To conserve water by constructing check dams and use it
when required.

55. 5. Bench Terracing
It helps to bring sloping land into different level strips to
enable cultivation.

56. Rain Water Harvesting structures in town

57. Rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan. A johad is a
dam that collects rainwater to channel it into the
ground to replenish the supply of underground
water.

58. Thar desert
• Reservoirs are built in
the valley between sand
dunes by constructing
bunds at the two ends.
When it rained the
rainwater collected in the
reservoir.

59. Future Scope
•Solution to expensive bulk water transfer
•Improve predictability.
•Providing drinking water for rural
people.

60. •Incremental increase in water availability.
• Implementation, good practices, success/
failure reasons and then related it with
ground water data obtained.
• Saving in time for availing domestic water

61. conclusion
•Use as much as possible the natural resources
like water, soil and land for the betterment of
people.
•Take possible steps to make successful
management plan.
•Save water and soil degradation.
•Check the soil erosion.