1. MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION
GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Case Study
On
Boilers,
Boiler Mountings & Accessories
Prepared By
Yagnesh Virani (131160119614)
Virag Mutha (131160119612)
Yash Saradva (131160119619)

2. MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, students
Shri. Yagnesh Virani Enroll no. 131160119614
Shri. Virag Mutha Enroll no. 131160119612
Shri. Yash Saradva Enroll no. 131160119619
Shri. Enroll no.
Shri. Enroll no.
of B.E. second Semester MECHANICAL ENGINEERING branch have satisfactorily
completed the CASE STUDY REPORT On Boiler ,Boiler Mountings & Boiler
accessories for Elements of Mechanical Engineering subject in the academic year
2013/14.
Date of submission ___ / 05/ 2014.
Guided By: Head of department
[ Prof. AryaBChangela]

3. Introduction
1.What is a Boiler?
“Boiler is a closed vessel in which the heat produced by the combustion of fuel is
transferred to water for its conversion into steam at the desired temperature and
pressure”
2.What Type of Boilers Are There?
1. Fire Tube Boiler
2. Water Tube Boiler
3. Pulverized Fuel Boiler
4. Waste Heat Boiler
2.1 Fire Tube Boiler
 Relatively small steamcapacities (12,000 kg / hour).
 Low to medium steam pressures (18 kg/cm2).
 Operates with oil, gas or solid fuels.

4. Mainly three types of fire tube boiler:
1. Cochran Boiler
2. Lancashire Boiler
3. Locomotive Boiler
2.1.1 Cochran Boiler
It is a multi-tubular vertical fire tube boiler having a number of horizontal fire
tubes. T is the modification of a simple vertical boiler where the heating surface has been
increased by means of a number of fire tubes.
It Consists Of
1. Shell
2. Crate
3. Fire box
4. Flue pipe
5. Fire tubes
6. Combustion chamber
7. Chimney
8. Man-hole

5. 2.1.2 LancashireBoiler
It is a stationary, fire tube, internally fired boiler. The size is approximately from
7-9 meters in length and 2-3 meters in diameter.
It consists Of
1. Cylindrical shell
2. Furnace tubes, bottom flue and side flues
3. Grate
4. Fire bridge
5. Dampers

6. 2.1.3 LocomotiveBoiler
A locomotive boiler has three main components: a double-walled firebox; a horizontal,
cylindrical "boiler barrel" containing a large number of small flue-tubes; and a smoke
box with chimney, for the exhaust gases. The boiler barrel contains larger flue-tubes to carry
the superheater elements, where present. Forced draught is provided in the locomotive boiler
by injecting exhausted steam back into the exhaust via a blast pipe in the smoke box.
Locomotive-type boilers are also used in traction engines, steam rollers, portable
engines and some other steam road vehicles. The inherent strength of the boiler means it is
used as the basis for the vehicle: all the other components, including the wheels, are mounted
on brackets attached to the boiler. It is rare to find super heaters designed into this type of
boiler, and they are generally much smaller (and simpler) than railway locomotive types.

7. 2.2 Water Tube Boiler
 Used for high steamdemand and pressure requirements.
 Capacity range of 4,500 – 120,000 kg/hour.
 Combustion efficiency enhanced by induced draft provisions.
 Lower tolerance for water quality and needs water treatment plant.

8. Mainly one type of water tube boiler:
1. Babcock and Wilcox Boiler
2.2.1 Babcock and Wilcox Boiler
It is a water tube boiler used in steam power plants. In this, water is circulated
inside the tubes and hot gases flow over the tubes.
It consists Of
1. Steam and water drum (boiler shell)
2. Water tubes
3. Uptake-header and down corner
4. Grate
5. Furnace
6. Baffles
7. Super heater
8. Mud box
9. Inspection door
10. Damper

9. 2.3 Pulverized Fuel Boiler
• Pulverized coal powder blown with combustion air into boiler through burner
nozzles.
• Combustion temperature at 1300 -1700 °C.
• Benefits: varying coal quality coal, quick response to load changes and high
pre-heat air temperatures.
Independence Steam Electric Station - Newark, AR

10. Operation: Unit 1 - January 1983/Unit 2 -December 1984
Fuel: Low-sulfur coal mined near Gillette, Wyoming
Capability: 1,678 megawatts
2.4 Waste Heat Boiler
• Used when waste heat available at medium/high temp.
• Auxiliary fuel burners used if steam demand is more than the waste heat can
generate.
• Used in heat recovery from exhaust gases from gas turbines and diesel
engines.

11. 3. Boiler mountings
Boiler mountings are the machine components that are mounted over
the body of the boiler itself for the safety of the boiler and for complete control of the
process of steam generation.
According to the Indian Boiler Regulations (I.B.R.) a boiler is a closed
pressure vessel with capacity exceeding 22.75 liters used for generating steam under
pressure. It includes all the mountings fitted to such vessels which remain wholly or
partly under pressure when steam is shut-off.
According to I.B.R the following mountings should be fitted to the boilers:-
 Water level indicator
 Safety Valve
1. Dead weight safety valve
2. Lever loaded safety valve
3. Spring loaded safety valve
4. High steam & low water safety valve
 Pressure gauge
 Fusible plug
 Feed check valve
 Steam stop valve
 Blow off cock
 Mud hole & Man hole

12. 3.1 Water Level Indicator
Function:-
Indicates the water level in the drum. The maximum and minimum level is
indicated on that.
Location:-
Placed on the boiler shell. One end is placed in the steam space and other end is
placed on water space.

13. 3.2 Safety Valve
Function:-
The valve is opened when the steam pressure in the boiler exceeds the
set pressure, The excess steam goes out from the boiler till the pressure is reached to set
pressure.
Location:-
Placed on the upper part of the boiler shell. Its end is placed in the steam
space.

14. There are four types of safety valves:-
1. Dead-Weight safety valve
2. Lever Loaded Safety Valve
3. Spring Loaded Safety Valve
4. High Steam & Low Water Safety Valve

16. 3.3 Pressure Guage
Function:-
It indicates the steam pressure in boiler.
Location:-
Mostly placed on the top of the boiler. It is fitted in such a way that it can be
read from the ground. One end is in the steam space.

17. 3.4 Fusible Plug
Function:-
It is use to protect the boil against damage due to overheating caused by low
water level in the boiler.
Location:-
It is fitted in the crown plate in the case of fire tube boiler or on the furnace from
where, steam is in direct contact.

18. 3.5 FeedCheck Valve
Function:-
To control the feed water. The feed water entering back to pump is prevented by
this valve.
Location:-
Opposite side of the boiler or at the bottom it is fitted. It is fitted at the end of
the line from where feed water is entering to the boiler.
3.6 SteamStop Valve
Function:-
It regulate the flow of steam from boiler to the steam pipe or from one steam
pipe to the other.
Location:-
Fitted on the top of the boiler shell.

19. 3.7 Blow Off Cock
Function:-
To improve salt, mud and other impurities from the boiler. It is also used to
empty the boiler at the time of inspection.
Location:-
It is placed at the bottom pipe or is fitted on elbow pipe.

20. 3.8 Mud Hole & Man Hole
For cleaning of the boiler and for its repair, it is necessary to enter the boiler. An
elliptical cover is provided on the boiler shell. This cover is fitted from inside. It is known as Man
hole By opening this cover, person enters inside the boiler and can do cleaning and repairing
job in the boiler. It is necessary to enter the boiler at the time of annual inspection of the tubes
and checking other surfaces.
In order to remove the impurities, salt and mud it used. Impurities are to be removed
periodically. This is being done with the help of Mud hole.

21. 4. Boiler Accessories
 Feed pump
 Injector
 Economiser
 Air pre-heater
 Superheater
 Steam separator
4.1 FeedPump
It is a pump which is used to deliver feed water to the boiler.
 The appliances in common use for delivering the feed-water into the steam boilers
are:
a) Reciprocating pump
b) Rotary pump

22. 4.2 Injector
The function of an injector is to feed water into the boiler. It is also used where the
space is not available for the installation of a feed pump.
4.3 Economiser
An economiser is a device in which the waste heat of the flue gases is utilized for
heating the feed water.
 Economiser are of two types :
a) Independent type, and
b) Integral type

23. 4.4 Air preheater
The function of the air pre-heater is to increase the temperature of air before it
enters the furnace. It is generally placed after the economiser.

24. 4.5 Super heater
A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into dry
steam used in steam engines or in processes, such as steam reforming. There are three
types of superheaters namely: radiant, convection, and separately fired. A superheater
can vary in size from a few tens of feet to several hundred feet (a few metres to some
hundred metres).
4.6 Steamseparator
A Steam separator, sometimes referred to as a moisture separator, is a
device for separating water droplets from steam. The simplest type of steam
separator is the steam dome on a steam locomotive. Stationary boilers and nuclear
reactors may have more complex devices which impart a "spin" to the steam so that
water droplets are thrown outwards by centrifugal force and collected.
It is important to remove water droplets from steam because:
 In all engines, wet steam reduces the thermal efficiency
 In piston engines, water can accumulate in the cylinders and cause a hydraulic
lock which will damage the engine
 In thermal power stations, water droplets in high velocity steam coming from nozzles
(or vanes) in a steam turbine can impinge on and erode turbine internals such as
turbine blades.