Table summary of studies testing clinical effectiveness of the rpg method

Summary compiled by Laylane Chagas – MSc HCPC MSC, RPG practitioner – rpg.uk123@googlemail.com - www.GPR-PostureCorrection.co.uk Page 1
Summary of studies testing clinical effectiveness of the RPG method
Author Study design Condition N (n) Experimental group (n) Control group Outcome measure Results
Adorno et al,
2013
Randomized
controlled trial
PEDro 2/10
Chronic Lower Back
Pain
30 (10) 12 RPG 60 min individual
sessions supine HAO-ADD and
HAC-ADD over 12 weeks
(10) 24 Iso-stretching individual 60
min sessions over 12 weeks
QoL – SF-36 Q.
P – VAS
Baseline, 3 months, 2 months follow-up
Both treatment approaches reduced pain
and improved QoL. Pain reduction was
greater when the Iso-stretching + RPG
approaches were combined. At 2-month
follow-up, RPG method was more efficient
for pain reduction and the Iso-stretching
group showed more QoL.
(10) 12 RPG individual session +
24 Iso-stretching individual
session over 12 week
Alonso-Blanco et
al, 2009 a
Prospective
cohort study
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
35 (35) 8 RPG 60 min group session
with group design over 8 weeks
--- F - BASFI; D - BASDAI
QoL - SF-36, F/M - BASMI
GROC (Global rating of change)
16 (46%) of patients experienced a
successful outcome
Alonso-Blanco et
al, 2009 b
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
20 (10) 12 RPG 60 min group
sessions with group design over 12
weeks
(10) Segmental spinal
mobilization/ stretching
F - Spirometry (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC
ratio); F/M- rib mobility
Baseline, 3 months
RPG group led to greater increase in
FEV1/FVC. Both groups improved rib
mobility improved.
Andrade and
Carvalho, 2010
Case report
(Poster)
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
1 (1) 30 RPG individual weekly
sessions over 30 weeks
--- Postural Assessment; F/M- Schober’s test,
Tragus-to-wall distance.
Baseline, 15th
and 30th
sessions
RPG led to improvements of spinal mobility
in all parameters assessed. No statistical
analysis was provided.
Apuzzo et al,
2003
Case series
(Poster)
Lumbar Disc
Herniation
40 (40) 22 RPG sessions associated
with O2O3 infiltration over 6
months
--- P - Valleux points, numeric non-verbal
scale for pain;
QoL - SF-36 Q.
Lasegue test, MRI imaging
RPG led to a significant symptom
reduction (Valleux points and Lasegue
test). 47% of cases had a reduction of the
hernia volume.
Apuzzo et al,
2014
Observational
retrospective
cohort study
Lumbar Disc
Herniation
546 (54) 15 RPG individual sessions (109) 22 O2O3 infiltrations P - VAS At the end of treatment, pain severity was
lower in the O2O3 patients than in the
RPG-alone patients. After some years of
follow-up only the difference between
O2O3+RPG and RPG-alone remained
significant.
(383) 22 O2O3 infiltrations + 15
RPG sessions
Barroqueiro and
Morais, 2014
Case report Isthmic
Spondylolisthesis
L5-S1 grade II
1 (1) Weekly RPG 65 min (average)
individual sessions over 5 months:
supine HAO-ABD, standing HAO-
ADD, supine HAC-ABD
--- Digitized radiographs measuring slip
grade, spinopelvic sagittal alignment and
lumbar ROM (baseline and 6 months)
After the treatment period, lumbar lordosis,
sacral slope and anterior pelvic tilt
decreased 17.2°, 16.5°and 15.1°
respectively. There was no significant
change in lumbar ROM.
Basso et al, 2010 Case series Temporomandibular
Disorder
20 (10) 10 RPG individual sessions
(45 min, 2 postures with individual
design over 10 weeks
--- RDC/TMD classification
Digital photogrammetry with SAPo (v0.68)
software
RPG decreased the number of cases with
articular or disc dysfunction; led to
significant decrease of orofacial pain and
improvement in 19 of 25 body angle
measures.
Bonetti, et al
2010
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Chronic Lower Back
Pain
weeks
(36) 10 Core muscle stabilization
exercise (SE) sessions over 5
weeks
D - Oswestry Q, Roland-Morris Q
P - VAS
F/M - Finger-floor distance
Baseline, 3 and 6 months
RPG let to significantly greater
improvement on disability, flexibility and
intensity of pain as compared to a SE
program.
Borges et al,
2006
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Healthy male
athletes
14 (7) 20 RPG 40 min Standing HAC-
ADD posture sessions over 10
weeks
(7) Control Group
Basketball training routine alone
F/M - Photometry and standing reaching
test
RPG group led to significantly greater
flexibility of posterior chain muscles.
Borges et al,
2011
Case report Oral Respirator
Syndrome
1 (1) 20 RPG 20 min session over 2
months
--- Postural Assessment; MS – MIP, MEP
F - peak flow, spirometry
No statistical analysis. There was an
improvement of all measurements.
Castro and
Lopes, 2003
Case report Chronic back pain 1 (1) 21 RPG individual weekly
session over 21 weeks
--- Postural assessment using software
FisioLogic; Spinal curvatures X-Ray AP;
Baseline, 21st
week.
The computerized assessment by digital
photography showed improvements as did
the radiologic exams. No statistical
analysis performed.
Cabral et al,
2007
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Patellofemoral
Syndrome
26 (14) 16 RPG 30 min sessions with
group design over 8 weeks
(12) Segmentar hamstring and calf
stretching sessions each held by
30 s
P - VAS,
F/M - Finger-floor distance; Knee
extension ROM; Q-angle; EMG activity of
biceps femoris and gastrocnemius mm;
F - Lysholm scale
Both groups improved significantly knee
functional scores, hamstring flexibility, Q-
angle alignment, and flexibility. RPG group
led to significantly less pain and greater
flexibility gain.

Canto et al, 2010 Case series Lower Back Pain 35 (35) 10 RPG 60 min sessions with
individual design over 10 weeks
--- P - VAS
D - Roland-Morris Q
RPG treatment improved significantly both
VAS and Roland–Morris scores.
Chao et al, 2011 Case series Healthy females 8 (8) 6 RPG 10-20 min sessions with
--- MS - 4 MIP and MEP
Assessment at 1 week, 1 day, Baseline, 1
week
RPG led to significant increase of
respiratory muscle strength. Results were
maintained on 1 week follow-up
measurements.
Coelho and
Nogueira, 2011
Case series
(Poster)
Asthma
12-14yo males
6 (6) RPG + Conventional
physiotherapy individual and group
sessions twice weekly
--- Not mentioned Improved posture and flexibility and quality
of life. No statistical analysis provided.
Cunha et al, 2008 Randomized
controlled trial
Chronic Neck Pain 31 (15) 12 RPG plus myofascial
release 60 min sessions with group
design over 6 weeks
(16) 12 Static stretching +
myofascial release 60 min
sessions.
P – VAS
QoL - SF36 Q
F/M - cervical ROM
Both groups significantly improved pain
level, QoL and cervical ROM. There was
no difference between groups.
Dacca and
Furlan, 2000
Case report Lumbar Disc
Herniation
L4-L4/L5-S1
weekly sessions over 20 months
--- Postural assessment
ROM and functional assessment
RPG treatment resolved pain; improved
flexibility and muscle strength, and postural
alignment. No statistical analysis provided.
Di Ciaccio et al,
2012
Case series Lumbar Disc
Herniation
L4-L4/L5-S1
24 (24) 12 to 19 RPG 60 min
individual sessions with group
design: Supine HAO-ADD,
standing HAC-ADD over 6 months
--- D - Quebec Pain Disability Scale
P - Numeric Pain Scale
Assessment at baseline, 15, 45, 120, and
180 days.
RPG led to significantly less disability (55%
improvement) and pain (66%
improvement).
Di Ciaccio et al,
2013
Case report Cervical Disk
Herniation
C3/C4
1 (1) 8 RPG 60min individual
sessions over 8 weeks: supine
HAO-ABD and HAO-ADD chosen
as per condition.
--- P - Numeric Pain Scale (NPS)
F/M – Cervical ROM
Cervical MRI
Baseline, 2 months.
At the end of 8 treatment weeks the patient
showed improvements of cervical ROM
and the NRS score improved from 9 to 2
points. The MRI on 12 months after onset
of symptoms showed complete regression
of the C3-C4 disc herniation.
Durmus et al,
2009
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
(19) exercise regime P – VAS;
F – BASFI, spirometry, 6-MWD test
D – BASDAI
Both exercise groups led to significant
improvement in all outcomes compared to
control. RPG group showed greater
improvement in the pulmonary function.(13) control group
Fernandez-de-
las-Peñas et al,
2005
Randomized
controlled trial
PEDro 6/10
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
sessions over 4 months
(20) 15 group sessions of 20
motion/flexibility exercises over 4
months
F/M – BASMI
D – BASDAI
F - BASFI
Pre-post intervention
RPG group led to statistically greater
improvement in all clinical measures of the
BASMI, BASDAU and BASFI. Control
group reached significant improvement
only at the tragus-to-wall distance and
lumbar side flexion.
Fernandez-de-
las-Peñas et al,
2006
Randomized
controlled trial
PEDro 5/10
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
months
F/M – BASMI
D – BASDAI
F - BASFI
1-year follow-up
Improvements in all mobility measures of
the BASMI and BASFI indexes were
partially maintained at the 1year follow-up
in the RPG group, but not in the control
group.
Fortin et al, 2012 Inter-rater
reliability study
Adolescent
Idiopathic Scoliosis
5 52 PTs assessed the standing posture from photographs using a
posture analysis grid with 23 posture indices (PI); and muscular chain
associated with posture alterations. The PTs were also divided into
three groups according to their experience in RPG method.
Kappa coefficients and the percentage of
agreement (%A) were used to assess
inter-rater reliability and intra-class
coefficients for determining agreement
between PTs and experts.
The RPG muscular chain evaluation has
good reliability for most posture indices.
RPG evaluation should help guide physical
therapists in targeting affected muscles for
treatment of abnormal posture patterns.
Fozatti et al,
2008
Case series Stress Urinary
Incontinence
sessions with individual design, 12
weekly sessions, then 12
fortnightly sessions
--- QoL - King’s Health Q
Diary of urinary leakage
Pelvic floor functional assessment
Baseline and 6 months follow-up
RPG treatment was effective in treating all
parameters assessed. Quality of life, Pelvic
floor function and numbers of pad used
improved significantly.
Fozatti et al,
2010
Prospective
controlled cohort
study
Stress Urinary
Incontinence
52 (25) RPG 50 min individual
sessions with individual design,
(17) Pelvic Floor Muscle Training 4
times weekly (1 under supervision,
3 at home) over 3 months
QoL - King’s Health Q
3-day voiding diary (daily pad use)
Functional Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor
(FEPF); Subjective perception of cure
Baseline and 6 months follow-up.
Both groups significantly improved QoL,
FEPF, leaking episodes and daily pad use
at baseline and on 6-months follow-up.
RPG led to significant greater decrease in
leaking episodes and had higher
adherence to treatment.

Fozatti et al,
2011
Prospective
controlled cohort
study (Poster)
Stress Urinary
Incontinence
52 (25) RPG 50 min individual
(17) Pelvic Floor Muscle Training 4
times weekly (1 under supervision,
3 at home) over 3 months
QoL - King’s Health Q
3-day voiding diary (daily pad use)
Functional Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor
(FEPF); Subjective perception of cure
2-years follow-up
RPG group still showed significant
differences to PFMT group on subjective
perception of cure, absence of leaking
episodes, use of pad and 3 domains of
QoL on 2-years follow-up. No significant
difference was found on FEPF.
Fregonesi et al,
2007
Case report Adolescent
1 (1) RPG individual sessions over 1
year
Patient: 13yo female
--- Cobb angle T12-L4 panoramic X-Ray AP;
L2 vertebral rotation by Raimondi method
No statistical analysis. There was a
stabilization of the scoliosis curvature and
a 6° decrease of vertebral rotation.
Garcia et al, 2011 Randomized
controlled trial
Healthy adolescents 29 (12) 9 RPG 30 min group sessions
each posture kept for 4-10min plus
Physical Education class (PE)
Patients: 16-17yo
(9) 9 Warm-up + 30 min
Segmental stretching kept for 15s
+ PE classes
Subjective Q on perception of posture and
flexibility; Height; F/M - Finger-floor
distance; RPG anterior chain and posterior
chain flexibility test (against wall)
RPG group led to significantly improved
muscle flexibility and self-perception of
posture and flexibility, when compared with
the other 2 groups.(8) Control – 9 PE classes alone
Garrido-Marin et
al, 2013
Double-blinded
randomized
controlled trial
Healthy subjects 20 (10) 1 RPG 6min session with
Standing HAC-ADD posture
(10) 6 min Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
of hamstrings in supine
Knee extension ROM at hip 90°flexion
Baseline, 5min post intervention.
Both groups presented a significant
increase of hamstrings flexibility post
intervention. The RPG group showed a
greater significant change than the PNF
group
Gil et al, 2011 Randomized
controlled trial
Pre-natal (20-25
weeks) Lower Back
Pain
weekly sessions with HAC-ADD
and HAC-ABD postures
(17) Control – Followed routine
recommendations for self-
management
D- Roland-Morris Q
P - VAS
The RPG group presented a significant
decrease of pain intensity and functional
limitation, when compared with the control
group.
Gomes et al,
2006
Case report Hemiparetic Stroke 1 (1) 10 RPG 50 min individual
sessions over 8 weeks
--- Postural assessment using software
FisioLogic
RPG treatment led to an improvement of
spinal curvatures and shoulder girdle
alignment.
Guimaraes et al,
2013
Case series Healthy subjects 15 (15) 15 RPG 40 min individual
weekly sessions over 8 weeks
--- F - peak flow, spirometry Significant increases between the values
of all analyzed variables of pulmonary
function were found after the treatment
period.
Heredia et al,
2008
Case series Epidural Fibrosis
post Lumbar
Laminectomy
weekly sessions
--- D - Roland-Morris Q; P - VAS
Baseline, 3 months and 6 months.
No statistical analysis. 56.2% of subjects
presented improvement of pain level.
Itozaku et al,
2011
Case series Thoracic
Hyperkyphosis
2 (2) 8 RPG 60 min individual weekly
sessions with individual design
over 8 weeks
--- QoL – SF-36 Q; Thoracic curvature by
digital photograph; MS – MIP and MEP
F/M - thoracic expansion
Baseline, 8 weeks.
There was an improvement in the degree
of kyphosis, respiratory muscle strength
and QoL. No statistical analysis provided.
Lawland et al,
2013
Randomized
controlled trial
(Poster)
Chronic Lower Back
Pain
61 12 RPG 60 min weekly sessions
over 12 weeks
Control group (waiting list under
clinical treatment, no physical
intervention)
P – VAS; D - Roland-Morris Q; Depression
– Beck Inventory; QoL – SF-36 Q
Baseline, 3 months, 6 months.
The RPG group showed significant
improvements in pain, QoL and disability.
Luz et al, 2008 Randomized
controlled trial
Lower Back Pain 32 (16) 6 RPG sessions over 2 weeks
with supine HAC-ADD and HAO-
ADD postures
(16) RPG session plus 10 days of
continuous use of back abdominal
support device
P - VAS Both groups presented significant
improvement of back pain. There was no
statistical difference between groups.
Maluf et al, 2010 Randomized
controlled trial
PEDro 6/10
Temporomandibular
Disorder
(14) 8 Static stretching (SS) held
by 30 s in 40 min sessions.
P - VAS, Pain threshold
EMG activity
RPG and SS equally reduced pain
intensity, increased pain threshold, and
decreased EMG activity of orofacial and
cervical muscles.
Marques et al,
1994
Case series Fibromyalgia
Female
20 (20) RPG individual sessions,
ranging from 3 to 11 sessions plus
home based exercises
--- Postural Assessment
P - Self-assessment Q reporting pain level
Pain improvement was very good for 65%
of patients, moderate for 25%, 10%
reported no change. No statistical analysis.
Marques et al,
1996
Case report Adolescent
17yo female
--- Postural Assessment
Cobb angle T12-L4 panoramic X-Ray AP;
Iliac crests alignment on X-Ray
P - Subjective pain report
Pain resolved by the end of the 6th
session.
Cobb angle decreased from 20° to 10° of
inclination. Iliac crest alignment
discrepancy improved from 1 cm to 0.3 cm.
Martins et al,
2005
Randomized
controlled trial
PEDro 2/10
Pre-natal (>12 weeks)
Lower Back Pain
69 (33) 8 RPG 60 min group sessions
with 2 postures over 8 weeks
(36) Control. Medical advice for
self-management for 8 weeks
P – VAS, Pelvic and Lumbar provocation
tests
RPG group had significantly less lumbar or
pelvic pain.

Marthur and
Bhasin, 2013
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
28 (14) Daily RPG 30 min individual
sessions over 3 weeks using
supine HAO-ABD posture
(14) Twice-daily home-based
Respiratory Muscle Stretch
Gymnastics over 3 weeks
QoL – Clinical COPD Questionnaire Both treatment groups equally showed
improved in QoL after 3 weeks
rehabilitation.
Monteiro et al,
2013
Case report Temporomandibular
Disorder
sessions over a 8 week period:
supine HAC-ABD posture
--- Surface EMG activity RPG treatment led to a significant
reduction in electrical activity in the
masseter muscle.
Moreira and
Soares, 2007
Case series Postural deviation
(Shoulder protrusion)
5 (5) RPG 50 min individual sessions
with individual design and different
duration for each patient
--- Shoulder AP and sagittal X-ray, measuring
shoulder protrusion and retraction
There was no statistical difference among
the measurements at baseline and at 4
months.
Moreno et al,
2007
Randomized
controlled trial
Healthy males 20 (10) 16 RPG 30 min individual
weeks
(10) control group MS – MIP and MEP
F/M - thoracic expansion, abdominal
mobility
Only the RPG group showed significant
improvement in all parameters measured.
Moreno et al,
2009
Randomized
controlled trial
Healthy males 20 (10) 16 RPG 20 min sessions with
(10) control group F - Slow/forced vital capacity, and
maximal voluntary ventilation
Only the RPG group showed significant
improvement in all parameters measured.
Mota et al 2008 Cross-sectional
study
Healthy females 9 (9) 1 RPG 9 min individual session:
seated HAC-ADD posture
--- Heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure
(SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP),
mean arterial pressure (MAP) and double
product (DP)
Pre-, during and post-intervention
recovery.
The SAP, DAP, MAP and DP values were
significantly greater between 3 and 9 min
of maintaining the posture in comparison
with pre- and post-posture recovery
values, returning to resting values within 5
min of recovery. The HR was not
statistically different from the pre-posture
resting value.
Navarro et al,
2005
Non-randomized
controlled trial
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
months
QoL - SF36 Q Both groups significantly improved QoL,
with no statistical differences between
groups.
Oliveri et al, 2012 Comparative
study
Healthy subjects 30 (10) 1 RPG 15 min session:
Standing HAC-ADD posture
(10) 1 RPG 15 min session:
Supine HAC-ADD postures
Paired-transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS) of motor cortex and recording of
motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of biceps
femoris, soleus and tibialis anterior
muscles
The RPG treatment effect was posture-
and task-specific: the standing posture
increased inhibition in cortical areas
controlling flexor muscles while increasing
the excitation of cortical areas controlling
extensor muscles. The supine posture
increased inhibition in cortical areas
controlling flexor muscles was not
paralleled by excitation of extensor ones.
(10) Control 3 min of ergometer
exercise
Pita et al, 2000 Case report Thoracic
Hyperkyphosis
15yo male
1 (1) 35 RPG 60 min weekly
individual sessions
--- Postural assessment
Thoracic curvature X-Ray
No statistical analysis. Pain resolved after
5 sessions. Tsp curvature decreased from
55° to 39°. Flexibility improved from 22 cm
to 0 cm.
Rosario et al,
2008
Randomized
controlled trial
PEDro 4/10
Healthy females 30 (10) 8 RPG 15 min sessions with
(10) 8 segmental 30 s stretching
sessions
F/M - Finger-floor distance, Active knee
extension/hip in 90° flexion
MS: isometric muscle contraction
Both RPG and segmental stretching
groups significantly improved ROM,
flexibility, and leg muscle strength.(10) control group
Rossi et al, 2011 Randomized
controlled trial
Healthy females 30 (20) 1 RPG 40 min individual
session with group design: Supine
HAO-ADD posture
(10) Control group Sagittal measurements using Digital
photogrammetry with SAPo (v0.68)
software
A single RPG session led to significant
improvement of head and shoulder
alignment.
Santos et al,
2010
Randomized
controlled trial
(Poster)
Chronic Back Pain 150 (50) 16 RPG individual sessions
over 8 weeks
(50) 16 Individual Segmental
stretching sessions over 8 weeks
P – VAS, Pain medication consumption
D - Roland-Moris Q
QoL - SF-36 Q
Assessment at baseline, post-treatment
and 2-month follow-up
Both treatment groups showed significant
reduction in pain level, pain medication
consumption, improvement in QoL and
function, better than control group. The
RPG group showed the largest pain
intensity reduction.
(50) Control
Silva et al, 2012 Non-randomized
controlled trial
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
38 (22) 16 RPG 60 min weekly
individual sessions over 4 months
(16) 32 40 min Segmental
stretching + breathing exercises
group sessions
P – VAS, D – BASDAI; F - HAQ-S for
Functional Capacity; QoL - SF-36 Q;
Morning stiffness sensation; F/M - Chin-to-
chest distance, Tragus-to-wall distance,
Schober’s modified test, fingertip-floor
distance, chest expansion.
Both groups led to statistically significant
improvement for all parameters analyzed.
RPG led to significantly greater
improvement in morning stiffness, spinal
mobility and in the physical aspect
component of SF-36.

Smania et al,
2003
Cross-over
study
Cervical Dystonia 4 (4) 30 Individual 60 min sessions
15 RPG + myofascial release / 15
EMG sessions
--- Head realignment test (laser pen fixed on
helmet)
P - VAS
D - Disability questionnaire
RPG led to therapeutic effects comparable
to those of EMG biofeedback. Reductions
of disability and of pain were still present
on 3-9 months follow-up.
Tavares et al,
2009
Case series
(Poster)
Stress Urinary
Incontinence
Females
>50 yo
13 (13) 12 RPG individual sessions
with supine HAO-ADD posture
--- Urodynamic study
MS – (Pelvic floor) Perina® and vaginal
cones
QoL - ICIQ-SF Q
Postural Assessment
RPG led to improvements on urinary
continence, pelvic floor muscle strength
and quality of life. No significant results
were found on the urodynamic study or
thoracic curvature.
Teodori et al,
2003
Randomized
controlled trial
Healthy females 20 (10) 1 RPG individual 20 min
session using supine HAO-ADD
posture
(10) control group MS – MIP and MEP
F/M - thoracic expansion
RPG led to significantly increase in both
thoracic expansibility and increased
strength of inspiratory muscles.
Teodori et al,
2005
Case report Healthy female 1 (1) 1 RPG individual 30 min
session using supine and standing
HAO-ADD posture
History of ankle sprain
--- Plantar pressure distribution -Tekscan-
Matscan
Measurements on baseline, 7 d, 14 d, and
30 d post treatment
A single RPG session significantly
improved weight bearing symmetry at both
baseline and 7 days measurement.
Toledo et al,
2011
Randomized
controlled trial
Non-structural
Thoracic Scoliosis
10yo male/females
20 (10) 24 RPG individual 60 min
weeks supine HAO-ADD / HAC-
ADD
(10) control group Thoracic Cobb angle on X-Ray
Postural Assessment
RPG group led to significantly decrease of
thoracic Cobb angle while the control
group showed an increase of spinal
curvature.
Zuil Escobar et
al, 2004
Comparative
study
Healthy males 60 (30) Football players (30) Controls RPG Postural assessment, including
muscle chain flexibility testing
Excessive contracture of the posterior
muscle chain was found in the lower
extremity (hamstring muscles) in the
football player group.
List of abbreviations: RPG, Rééducation Posturale Globale (Global Postural Re-education); min, minutes; HAO-ADD, hip angle opening-arms adducted; HAC-ADD, hip angle closure-arms adducted; QoL, quality of life; Q,
questionnaire; P, pain; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; F, function; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; D, disability; BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; F/M, flexibility/mobility; BASMI,
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; FVC, Forced vital capacity; FEV1, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; HAO-ABD, hip angle opening-arms abducted; HAC-ABD, hip angle closure-arms abducted; ROM, range
of motion; RDC/TMD, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders; MS, muscle strength; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximum expiratory pressure; AP, anteroposterior; s, seconds; EMG,
electromyography; yo, year-old; 6-MWD, six minute walk distance; PTs, physiotherapists; HAQ-S, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index modified for the spondyloarthropathies; ICIQ-SF, International Consultation
on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form; cm, centimetres; d, days.

Table summary of studies testing clinical effectiveness of the rpg method

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Table summary of studies testing clinical effectiveness of the rpg method