3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Submitting To_
Dr.J.I.Nanavati Sir
3
Assistant Professor
S.M.C.P.A, AAU ,Anand
Demonstrating by _
o Raj Anirudrasinh H.
o Patat Mayank P.
o Dabhi Meet K.
o Solanki Devang M.
o Patel Jay S.
Reg.no-4011120028-R.no:24
Reg.no-4011120020-R.no:17
Reg.no-4011120006-R.no:04
Reg.no-4011120035-R.no:28
Reg.no-4011120022-R.no:19
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Date of submission :- 03-05-2023.
4. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
CONTENTS
4
• Detasseling
• Types of hybrids
• Source of CMS in HSP of
maize
• Soil Requirement
• Season of sowing
• Seed parameters
• Seed planting ratio
• Staggered plantation
• Agronomical cultural
practices
• Isolation distance
• Field standards
• Field inspection
• Harvesting
• Post-harvest management
• Seed certification
• Xenia & Metaxenia
• Hybrid Varieties
• Seed standard
• Research station
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
• Introduction
• Evolution
• Economic Importance
• Classification
• Morphological features
• Life cycle
• Advantage of Hybrid maize
• Prerequisites for Hybrid seed
production in maize
• Characteristics of good
parents
• Source of seed
• Registration of plot
5. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
MAIZE :
• Botanical Name - Zea Mays L.
• Family - Poaceae
• Chromosome no. - 2n=20
• Centre or origin - Central America (Mexico)
• Mode of pollination - Cross Pollination
• Out Crossing % - 95%
Introduction
5
Queen Of Cereals
6. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
It has two close relatives :
1. Gama grass Tripsacum ;
(2n =36;72)
&
2. Teosinte ;
(2n =20)
Teosinte is the closest relative of maize and crosses readily
with it.
Wild Progenitors
6
8. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Economic Importance
Starch - 72%
Proteins - 10%
Oil - 4.8%
Fibre - 8.5%
Sugar - 3.0%
Ash – 1.7%
Cooking
Soap making
companies
In pharmaceutical
industries as diluents
Cosmetics
To make alcohol
Stem used for paper
manufacturing
Green fodder for
animals
85% as Human feed
(Maize flour, popcorn,
etc.)
8
Nutritional
composition Oil Starch Seeds For edible
use
Maize is the 3rd most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat.
Gujarat accounts for 80% production in total of 9% of country’s production.
9. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
a) Dent corn (Zea mays var identata sturt):-
- most common type grown in USA.
- Dent formation on the top of the kernel having yellow or white
colour.
b) Flint corn (Zea mays var indurate sturt):-
- Widely grown and cultivated in India.
- Kernel is rounded on the top with multitude of colours.
c) Popcorn (Zea mays var verta sturt):-
- Size of kernels is small but the endosperm is hard.
-When they are heated, the pressure build up within the kernel
suddenly results in an explosion and the grain is turn out. Grains
are used for human consumption
Classification of Maize Types
9
10. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
d) Flour corn (Zea mays var anylacea sturt):-
- Soft endosperm.
- Kernels are soft and though all coloured corns are grown but white
& blue are the most common.
e) Sweet corn (Zea mays var Saceharata sturt):-
- Sugar and starch makes the major component of the endosperm
that results in sweetish taste.
- Cobs are picked up green for canning and table purpose.
f) Pod corn (Zea mays var tunicate kulesh):-
- Each kernel is enclosed in pod.
g) Waxy corn (Zea mays var ceratina Kulesh):-
- Endosperm of the kernel when cut or broken gives a waxy
appearance.
- Amylopectin present instead of amylose. 10
11. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Morphological Features
11
Maize is a C4 Annual Plant
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Maize is monoecious plant.
Male inflorescence called tassel.
Female inflorescence known as silk.
Generally protandrous (Tassels mature before silk)
Each floret contains three anthers and each plant
produces about 3-5 million pollen grains.
12. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Wind borne nature of pollen and protandry leads to leads to
cross pollination but , there may also be reported 5% self
pollination.
Anthesis : Pollen shedding begins 1-3 days before silk
emerge from the cob.
Fertilization : Within 12-18 hours after silk emergence.
Pollen viability
Silk receptive : 8-10 days.
Tassel anthesis: 6.00 am to 8.00 am <— Pollination occurs..
Duration of
Flowering : 2-14 days.
12
Male flowers releasing
pollen
& pollination will occur
through wind
16. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Hybrid
16
Hybrids are the first-generation crosses between genetically unrelated or
dissimilar parents which may be purelines, inbreds, varieties or population.
Crossing
Male parent Female parent
F1
Hybrid
17. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
oHighly acceptable – farmers > Higher yield.
oC4 plant – better adaptation – climate change.
oTolerant – biotic and abiotic stress ; water stress (due to better root
system).
oDecrease need of irrigation water.
oGermination – Quick and High in percentage.
oFaster growth.
Advantages of Hybrid Maize
17
18. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Parents : Good compatible, uniform and productive.
Site of selection : - Fertile and Quality land.
- Assured Irrigation facilities.
- Avoid site where preceding crop was maize.
Proper isolation distance.
Knowledge of recommended package of practices.
Technically experienced manpower.
Stress free climatic condition.
Prerequisites for hybrid seed
production in Maize
18
19. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Characteristics of good seed parent
19
Female parent Male parent
• Productive
• Strong
• Low cob placement
• Shorter anthesis
• Nutrient responsive
• Erect leaves
• Resistant/tolerant to biotic and
abiotic stress
• Strong root system
• Lax tassel, long main branch with
few secondary branches
• Long duration of pollen shedding
• Taller than female parent
• Attractive grain color
• Strong resistant to lodging with
better root system
• High yield potential
• Resistant/tolerant to biotic and
abiotic stresses
20. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
(Used as parents seed)
o Proper class of seed need to be obtained from approved
source according to stages of seed multiplication.
o In case of foundation seed, breeder seed with yellow
coloured tag is to be used for sowing while for
certified seed production, foundation seed with white tag is to be used.
o Major source : State department of Agri. , National Seed Corporation,
State Seed Corporation, Private sectors (under technical
control of qualified Plant breeders).
Genetic purity (Foundation seed) : 99.5 %.
Source of seed
20
22. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Application —> Prescribed form as “Form A”
District Seed Certification Officer
Also – Agreement bond on stamp paper of Rs.100/- duly notarised.
Registration fee —> Certified stage (Hybrids) : Rs.160/- per acre seed plot
area
Registration of plot
22
23. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Manual emasculation by DETASSELING.
Removal of Male Inflorescence from the monoecious plant
• Time of Detasseling : Before the shedding of pollen (shedding of
pollen takes 1-2 days after emergence)
Crossing Technique
23
Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility
24. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Method of Detasseling
24
Manually by
Hand
Manually by
Machine
Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility
25. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
25
Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility
Detasseling by Hand :
• Hold the stem
from the boot leaf
stage and pull it
out in a single pull.
• Grasp entire tassel
: to remove all
pollen parts.
• Do not remove
leaves : Reduce
yield and quality
of seeds
26. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
: Precautions to be
adopted during
Detasseling
Detasseled field
26
No part should be left on the plant as it
causes Contamination.
Should be uniform in one direction.
Should be done daily in morning.
Do not break top leaves :
1 leaf course : 1.5% yield reduction.
2 leaf course : 5.9% yield reduction.
3 leaf course : 14 % yield reduction.
After pulling out the tassel drop it
there itself and bury in the soil.
Do not practice, improper, immature, &
incomplete detasseling.
27. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Types of Hybrids
27
Conventional Hybrids
Non-Conventional Hybrids
Types of hybrid No of parents
Single cross 2
Double cross 4
Three way cross 3 Types of hybrid No of parents
Top cross 2
Double top cross 3
Varietal cross 2 varieties (V × V)
29. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between two certified single crosses.
Double-cross hybrids
29
DOUBLE-CROSS HYBRID
Single-cross
Hybrid
Single-cross
Hybrid
30. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between inbred as a male and a certified single cross hybrid.
Three way-cross hybrids
30
THREE WAY – CROSS HYBRID
Single-cross Hybrid
(Female parent)
Inbred line
(Male parent)
31. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Top cross hybrids
31
(Inbred line) A X B (OPV)
TOP CROSS HYBRID
o Crosses between inbred line and certified open pollinated variety.
32. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between certified single cross and a certified open pollinated variety.
Double top cross hybrids
32
DOUBLE TOP CROSS HYBRID
Single-cross Hybrid
(Female parent)
OPV
(Male parent)
33. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Sources of the Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in
hybrid maize production
33
1. CMS-T (Texas Cytoplasm) : Suppresses the production of viable pollen grains.
: First described in the line Golden June in Texas.
2. CMS-S : S-cytoplasm of maize was developed in USDA (Jones ,1957).
: Semi stable to male sterility.
So, CMS-S gene is not much effective to adaptable for hybrid maize production.
3. CMS-C : One of the three major types of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in maize.
: Highly adaptable for hybrid maize production because of more stable and
resistance to disease.
34. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Loamy sand to clay loam.
o Having good organic matter content.
o High water holding capacity.
o Neutral pH.
-- are considered good for high productivity.
Soil Requirements
34
35. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Maize can be grown in all seasons - Kharif (monsoon), post monsoon, Rabi
(winter) and spring.
o Optimum time :
For kharif - Last week of June to first fortnight of July.
[to avoid flowering during heavy rains]
For Rabi - First week of November.
[to avoid low temperature during flowering]
Season of sowing
35
36. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Depending on seed size of male and female seed :
-Female : 7-10 kg/ha.
-Male : 3-4 kg/ha.
Seed Rate
36
Seed treatment (Pre-sowing)
Disease/Pest Fungicide/Pesticide Rate of application (g/kg seed)
Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis
leaf blight
Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio 2.0
Seed borne pathogens Bavistin (Carbendazim) 2.0
Shootfly
Chlorpyriphos
Imidacloprid
4.0 ml
4.0
Seeds are treated with Azospirillum @50gm/kg of seed to fix atmospheric N.
37. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Generallly, Raised bed planting (ridge and furrow) – best method of planting.
- Hand sowing or by seed drill.
Seed sowing method
37
Spacing
o Female : 60 cm 20 cm to 75 cm 30 cm depending on the area.
o Male : 45 cm 30 cm.
- this spacing helps in easy movement in field for roguing, detasseling etc.
38. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Actual ratio that is planted depends on a number of factors :
- Pollen production of the male.
- Height of the male tassel relative to the female silk.
- Size of the female plant.
Planting ratio for diff. types of hybrids :
a) Single cross : 4:2 Other ratios : 1:2:1:2:1
b) Double cross : 6:2 1:3:1:3:1 M:F:M:F…
c) 3 way cross : 6:2 1:4:1:4:1
• Border rows : a. Inbreds & single cross - 4 rows
b. others - 3 rows
Seed Planting ratio
38
40. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o To bring MALE : FEMALE Synchrony.
o Normally both the parents flowered at same time but in some hybrids 7 days
staggering is required for synchronization of flowering.
It (synchrony) can also be attained by :
- Irrigation along with fertilizer application.
- Application of FYM in either male or female to induce earliness and vigour.
- Manipulation in the plan distance by spaced and narrow planting.
Staggered Plantation
40
41. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
N:P:K (kg/ha) : 200:100:100
- Basal : 100:100:50
- 1st top dressing : 50:0:0
(20th days – vegetative phase).
- 2nd top dressing : 50:0:50
(boot leaf stage at 45 days).
Foliar : DAP 2% at 50% flowering.
In Zn deficient soil : ZnSo4 @25 kg/ha.
Nutrient management
41
42. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Avoid overflow during 1st irrigation.
o In general, the irrigation should be applied in
furrows up to 2/3rd height of the ridges/beds.
o Irrigation – once in 15-20 days.
o Critical stages :
- Premordial initiation stage - Milking stage
- Vegetative stage - Maturation stage
- Flowering stage
If irrigation is withheld in these stages – poor seed set & reduced seed size.
Irrigation Management
42
43. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Pre-emergence application :
Application of Atrazine – control growth of Major Weeds :
weeds upto 20-25 days.
o Hand weeding :
After 17-18 DAS (days after sowing).
o Post-emergence application :
- Under heavy weed infestation;
Paraquat can be used as protected
spray.
Weed Management
43
:::::::::
Cyanodon dactylon :
: Chloris barbata
Parthenium hysterophorus :
44. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Remove unwanted and off plants.
o Should be done periodically based on :
- Position of cob
- Colour of silk
- Arrangements of seeds
in cob, leaves etc.
o Shedding tassels are to be removed in roguing . It refers to the tassels in
female parents rows.
o During inspection the shedding tassels are taken into count for acceptance or
rejection of production plot.
Roguing
44
45. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Earthing up and form new ridges so
that the plants come directly on the
top of the ridges.
• It should be done before tasseling
stage to save crop from lodging.
Earthing up
45
46. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Insect-Pest Management
46
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Management:
Spotted Stem borer, Chilo partellus Shoot fly, Atherigona soccata
Major Pests :
• Install pheromone traps (FAW lure) @
4/acre.
• Spray NSKE or Azadiractin 1500 ppm
@1 lit/acre.
• Chemical :
- Emamectin benzoate5%
SG (80g/acre) @ 0.4g/litre
is recommended.
• Deep summer ploughing.
• Two releases of Trichogramma chilonis
(Egg Parasitoids) 8 cards/ha.
• Chemical :
- Spray Rogor 0.3% - 1 lit/per ha. on
20th day.
• Removal and destruction of dead
hearts.
• Seed treatment : Imidacloprid 600FS
@6ml/kg seed.
• Chemical :
- Monocrotophos 0.03%.
47. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Disease Management
47
Maydis leaf blight (MLB), Biopolaris maydis
Management:
Curvularia leaf spot, Curvularia lunata Downy Mildew , Pernosclespora sorghi
Major Disease :
• Destroy infected crop residue from the
field.
• Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of
water after about 30-35 days after
sowing.
• Seed Treatment with 20 g Trichoderma
chalk formulation + Mancozeb 63% or
Thiram 40 F.S. @ 6 g/kg seed.
• Foliar spray :
- Carbendazim 12%+ Mancozeb 62%
or Zineb 75% @ 2 g/lit of solution.
• Treat seeds with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb
(WS) @ 3.0 g/kg seeds.
• Chemical :
- Mancozeb @1 kg/ha.
Common Management : Destruction of crop debris.
Use of resistant/tolerant hybrids
48. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Isolation Distance
48
Foundation
stage
(m)
Certified
stage
(m)
o Same kernal colour 400 200
o Field of single cross/inbreads not confiring to varietal purity 400 200
o Single cross with same parent confiring to varietal purity 5 5
o Single cross with other male parent not confiring to varietal
purity
400 200
49. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Field standard (%)
49
Field standard
Foundation
stage
Certified
stage
o Off types 0.2 0.5
o Shedding tassel 0.5 1.0
o Inseparable other crop - -
o Objectional weed - -
o Designated diseases - -
50. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Number of inspection : Four
: One – before flowering
: Three – during flowering
Inspection by : Seed certification officers.
Field inspection
50
51. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Cob sheath turn straw yellow colour.
Harvest when the moisture content falls to 20-25 %.
Harvesting
51
Symptoms of Maturation :
o Male lines are harvested first then
female lines are harvested to avoid
mixture.
o Female line : Hybrid seed
Male line : Grain.
Seed yield : 2.5 - 3.6 t/ha
52. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Post-Harvest Management
52
Remove ill filled,
diseased cobs and cobs
Shelled either
mechanically or
manually at 15-18 %
moisture content.
Mechanically : Cob
sheller.
Manually : Rbbing with
stones
Seeds are dried to 12%
moisture content.
Grade the seeds using
18/64” (7.28 mm)
sieve.
De-husking Cob Sorting Shelling Drying Grading
The husks are removed
manually.
53. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• At 8% moisture content – Captan or Thiram 75% WP @ 70 gm/100kg
with 0.5 litre of water.
• Treated seeds can be stored for 1 year in cloth bag.
Seed Treatment (post-harvest):
53
Storage :
• Gunny bags : Short term storage.
• HDPE or polylined gunny bag : Long term storage.
• Moisture containers : To store for more than 1 year.
(Storage at low temperature)
Godown : Kept clean as the possibility of secondary infestation with
Trifolium (red flour weevil) is much in these crop.
54. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Phases of seed certification
• Receipt and scrutiny of application
• Verification of seed source
• Field inspection
• Post harvest supervision of seed crops
• Seed sampling and testing
• Labelling, tagging, sealing and grant of certificate
Seed Certification
54
Certified seed :
o Certified seed is the most commonly encountered certified seed and is the large-
volume class sold to farmers for producing a commercial crop of the variety.
o It is the progeny of Foundation seed stock.
o Under certain circumstances the progeny of Certified seed can be recertified as
long as the genetic identity, varietal purity and other standards are maintained.
55. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Xenia is effect of pollen on seeds and fruit of the
fertilized plant. eg: on seed colour.
• Most familiar examples of xenia is the different
colours that can be produced in Maize by
assortment of alleles via individual pollen grains.
Metaxenia is the effect on the maternal tissues of
fruit.
Xenia and
Metaxenia
55
56. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• 1st varieties – Released – 1961 - when 4 hybrids;
: Ganga 1
: Ganga 101
: Ranjeet
: Deccan
were released for cultivation.
• 1st single cross hybrid : “Paras”(JH 1121) – 1995 – By PAU.
(Technique given by :
East and G.H.Shull – 1910)
Maize hybrids
56
Double cross hybrids
(Technique given by : D.F Jones - 1920)
Makki Safed
Tuxpeno
F
M
Father of Maize
57. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Based on maturity duration :
i. Full season maturity : 105-110 days. Ganga-5, Ganga-9, Deccan 103.
ii. Medium maturity : 95-100 days. Composites varieties.
iii. Early maturity : 89-90 days.
iv. Very Early maturity : 75-80 days. Diara, Diara-3, D765.
Varieties classification
57
• Based on use/purpose :
i. Forage maize : African Tall, Jawahar, Moti composite, Ganga-5.
ii. Popcorn : Gujarat Anand Popcorn Hybrid 21.
iii. Sweet corn : Gujarat Anand Sweetcorn Hybrid 11, Madhuri.
58. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Latest Variety Released : Baby Corn GAYMH-1 (IGI-1101 IGI-1103)
Year of release : 2020 Name of centre : Main Maize Research station,Godhra.
Hybrid Varieties
Released by Anand Agricuture University,Anand
58
VARIETY NAME YEAR
o Gujarat Anand Sweet Corn Hybrid-11 (Madhuram) 2019
o Gujarat Anand Pop Corn Hybrid-21 (Mahashweta) 2019
o Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid-3 2018
o Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid 1 2013
o Gujarat Anand White Maize Hybrid 2 2012
o HQPM-1 2011
o Gujarat Maize 6 2002
o Narmada Moti 2002
o Gujarat Maize 4 2000
o Gujarat Maize 3 1999
o Gujarat Maize 2 1995
59. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Synthetic and composite variety-
difference
59
Synthetic variety Composite variety
No. Of inbred lines are (less 6-8) No of lines are more (even upto 20)
GCA (general combining ability) of parental
lines is tested
No testing for GCA
Performance can be predicted Cannot be predicted
Seed replacement after 4-5 years After 3-4 years
61. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• CIMMYT : International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center, Mexico
USA.
• India : Indian Institute of Maize
Research (IIMR), New Delhi.
• Gujarat : Main Maize Research station,
Godhara, AAU.
Research Station
61