Considerations and ideas after reading a presentation by Ali Anani

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Vincenzo De Florio

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In the Fifties, Arnold Schönberg introduced a model for music composition that he called "Grundgestalt", the basic shape. In this seminar I show how I interpreted this concept as a generative music model that translates the orbits of dynamic systems into musical components. I also describe a family of experiments that led me to the creation of simple and not-so-simple musical compositions, which I call "my little Grundgestalten”. Excerpts from a selection of those compositions will be presented.

My little grundgestalten

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We introduce fractal social organizations—a novel class of socio-technical complex systems characterized by a distributed, bio-inspired, hierarchical architecture. Based on a same building block that is recursively applied at different layers, said systems provide a homogeneous way to model collective behaviors of different complexity and scale. Key concepts and principles are enunciated by means of a case study and a simple formalism. As preliminary evidence of the adequacy of the assumptions underlying our systems here we define and study an algebraic model for a simple class of social organizations. We show how despite its generic formulation, geometric representations of said model exhibit the spontaneous emergence of complex hierarchical and modular patterns characterized by structured addition of complexity and fractal nature— which closely correspond to the distinctive architectural traits of our fractal social organizations. Some reflections on the significance of these results and a view to the next steps of our research conclude this contribution.

Models and Concepts for Socio-technical Complex Systems: Towards Fractal Soci...

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Building on top of classic work on the perception of natural systems this paper addresses the role played by such quality in environments where change is the rule rather than the exception. As in natural systems, perception in software systems takes two major forms: sensory perception and awareness (also known as apperception). For each of these forms we introduce semi-formal models that allow us to discuss and characterize perception and apperception failures in software systems evolving in environments subjected to rapid and sudden changes—such as those typical of ubiquitous and pervasive computing. Our models also provide us with two partial orders to compare such software systems with one another as well as with reference environments. When those environments evolve or change, or when the software themselves evolve after their environments, the above partial orders may be used to compute new environmental fits and different strategic fits and gain insight on the degree of resilience achieved through the current adaptation steps.

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Code explicitly refers to a reference machine and, implicitly, to a set of conditions often called the system model and the fault model. If one wants to guarantee an agreed-upon quality of service, one needs to either make assumptions about those conditions or adapt to them. In this lecture I present this problem and a number of solutions, both practical and theoretical, that I have devised in the course of my career. Although the main accent is on programming languages, here I provide links and references to other approaches that operate at algorithmic- and system-level.

On codes, machines, and environments: reflections and experiences

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Are purely technological solutions the best answer we can get to the shortcomings our organizations are often experiencing today? The results we gathered in this work lead us to giving a negative answer to such question. Science and technology are powerful boosters, though when they are applied to the “local, static organization of an obsolete yesterday” they fail to translate in the solutions we need to our problems. Our stance here is that those boosters should be applied to novel, distributed, and dynamic models able to allow us to escape from the local minima our societies are currently locked in. One such model is simulated in this paper to demonstrate how it may be possible to tap into the vast basins of social energy of our human societies to realize ubiquitous computing sociotechnical services for the identification and timely response to falls. Accompanying paper available at https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06655

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Traditional social organizations such as those for the management of healthcare and civil defense are the result of designs and realizations that matched well with an operational context considerably different from the one we are experiencing today: A simpler world, characterized by a greater amount of resources to match less users producing lower peaks of requests. The new context reveals all the fragility of our societies: unmanageability is just around the corner unless we do not complement the “old recipes” with smarter forms of social organization. Here we analyze this problem and propose a refinement to our fractal social organizations as a model for resilient cyber-physical societies. Evidence to our claims is provided by simulating our model in terms of multi-agent systems.

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Advanced C Language for Engineering

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We introduce a method for the assessment of trust for n-open systems based on a measurement of fidelity and present a prototypic implementation of a complaint architecture. We construct a MAPE loop which monitors the compliance between corresponding figures of interest in cyber- and physical domains; derive measures of the system’s trustworthiness; and use them to plan and execute actions aiming at guaranteeing system safety and resilience. We conclude with a view on our future work. Presented at ANTIFRAGILE'15 Companion paper available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050915008923

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Resilience is one of those "general systems attributes" that appear to play a central role in several disciplines - including ecology, business, psychology, industrial safety, microeconomics, computer networks, security, management science, cybernetics, control theory, crisis and disaster management. Resilience thus seems to be "needed" everywhere; and yet, even in the framework of a same discipline, it is not easy to define it precisely and consensually. To add to the confusion, other terms such as elasticity, change tolerance, and antifragility, although clearly related to resilience, cannot be easily differentiated. In this talk I tackle this problem by introducing a behavioural model of resilience. I interpret resilience as the property emerging from the interaction of the behaviours produced by two "players": a system and a hosting environment. The outcome of said interaction depends on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including the systemic "traits" of the system but also how the system's endowment matches the requirements expressed by the behaviours of the environment. I show how the behavioural approach provides a unifying framework within which it is possible to express coherent definitions for elasticity, change tolerance, and antifragility.

A behavioural model for the discussion of resilience, elasticity, and antifra...

Vincenzo De Florio

In this presentation I discuss resilience and antifragility as behaviors resulting from the coupling of a system and its environment(s). Depending on the interactions between these two "ends" and on the quality of the individual behaviors that they may exercise, different strategies may be chosen: elasticity (change masking); entelechism (change tolerance); and antifragility (adapting to & learning from change). When the environment is very simple and only capable of so-called "random behavior", often the only effective strategy towards resilience is off-line dimensioning of redundancy as a result of a worst-case assessment of disturbances and/or threats. Much more complex and variegated is the case when both systems and environments are "intelligent" -- or at least able to exercise complex teleological and extrapolatory behaviors. In this case both system and ambient may choose among a variety of strategies in what could be regarded as a complex evolutionary game theory setting.

A Behavioral Interpretation of Resilience and Antifragility

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An important challenge for human societies is that of mastering the complexity of Community Resilience, namely “the sustained ability of a community to utilize available resources to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations”. The above concise definition puts the accent on an important requirement: a community’s ability to make use in an intelligent way of the available resources, both institutional and spontaneous, in order to match the complex evolution of the “significant multi-hazard threats characterizing a crisis”. Failing to address such requirement exposes a community to extensive failures that are known to exacerbate the consequences of natural and human-induced crises. As a consequence, we experience today an urgent need to respond to the challenges of community resilience engineering. This problem, some reflections, and preliminary prototypical contributions constitute the topics of this presentation. A companion article is available at https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/67040428/Articles/serene14.pdf

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Already 71 years ago Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow introduced the concept of the “behavioristic study of natural events” and proposed a classification of systems according to the quality of the behaviors they are able to exercise. In this presentation we consider the problem of the resilience of a system when deployed in a changing environment, which we tackle by considering the behaviors both the system organs and the environment mutually exercise. We then introduce a partial order and a metric space for those behaviors, and we use them to define a behavioral interpretation of the concept of system-environment fit. Moreover we suggest that behaviors based on the extrapolation of future environmental requirements would allow systems to proactively improve their own system-environment fit and optimally evolve their resilience. Finally we describe how we plan to express a complex optimization strategy in terms of the concepts introduced in this presentation. The paper accompanying this presentation is available at https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/67040428/Articles/DF14b_Wiener21stA.pdf

On the Behavioral Interpretation of System-Environment Fit and Auto-Resilience

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Presentation for the ANTIFRAGILE 2014 workshop, https://sites.google.com/site/resilience2antifragile/ Abstract: We introduce a model of the fidelity of open systems—fidelity being interpreted here as the compliance between corresponding figures of interest in two separate but communicating domains. A special case of fidelity is given by real-timeliness and synchrony, in which the figure of interest is the physical and the system’s notion of time. Our model covers two orthogonal aspects of fidelity, the first one focusing on a system’s steady state and the second one capturing that system’s dynamic and behavioral characteristics. We discuss how the two aspects correspond respectively to elasticity and resilience and we highlight each aspect’s qualities and limitations. Finally we sketch the elements of a new model coupling both of the first model’s aspects and complementing them with machine learning. Finally, a conjecture is put forward that the new model may represent a first step towards compositional criteria for antifragile systems.

Antifragility = Elasticity + Resilience + Machine Learning. Models and Algori...

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Seminarie Computernetwerken 2012-2013: Lecture I, 26-02-2013

Vincenzo De Florio

Adopting classic redundancy-based fault-tolerant schemes in highly dynamic distributed computing systems does not necessarily result in the anticipated improvement in dependability. This primarily stems from statically predefined redundancy configurations employed within many classic dependability strategies, which as well known may negatively impact the schemes' overall effectiveness. In this paper, a novel dependability strategy is introduced encompassing advanced redundancy management, aiming to autonomously tune its internal configuration in function of disturbances observed. Policies for parsimonious resource allocation are presented thereafter, intent upon increasing the scheme's cost effectiveness without breaching its availability objective. Our experimentation suggests that the suggested solution can achieve a substantial improvement in availability, compared to traditional, static redundancy strategies, and that tuning the adopted degree of redundancy to the actual observed disturbances allows unnecessary resource expenditure to be reduced, therefore enhancing cost-effectiveness.

TOWARDS PARSIMONIOUS RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN CONTEXT-AWARE N-VERSION PROGRAMMING

Vincenzo De Florio

This paper may be considered as a mathematical divertissement as well as a didactical tool for undergraduate students in a universitary course on algorithms and computation. The well-known problem of generating the permutations of a multiset of marks is considered. We define a formal model and an abstract machine (an extended Turing machine). Then we write an algorithm to compute on that machine the successor of a given permutation in the lexicographically ordered set of permutations of a multiset. Within the model we analyze the algorithm, prove its correctness, and show that the algorithm solves the above problem. Then we describe a slight modification of the algorithm and we analyze in which cases it may result in an improvement of execution times. This paper, the ideas in it, and its realization are the work of the first author only.

A Formal Model and an Algorithm for Generating the Permutations of a Multiset

Vincenzo De Florio

The structures for the expression of fault-tolerance provisions into the application software are the central topic of this dissertation. Structuring techniques provide means to control complexity, the latter being a relevant factor for the introduction of design faults. This fact and the ever increasing complexity of today’s distributed software justify the need for simple, coherent, and effective structures for the expression of fault-tolerance in the application software. A first contribution of this dissertation is the definition of a base of structural attributes with which application-level fault-tolerance structures can be qualitatively assessed and compared with each other and with respect to the above mentioned need. This result is then used to provide an elaborated survey of the state-of-the-art of software fault-tolerance structures. The key contribution of this work is a novel structuring technique for the expression of the fault-tolerance design concerns in the application layer of those distributed software systems that are characterised by soft real-time requirements and with a number of processing nodes known at compile-time. The main thesis of this dissertation is that this new structuring technique is capable of exhibiting satisfactory values of the structural attributes in the domain of soft real-time, distributed and parallel applications. Following this novel approach, beside the con- ventional programming language addressing the functional design concerns, a special-purpose linguistic structure (the so-called “recovery language”) is available to address error recovery and reconfiguration. This recovery language comes into play as soon as an error is detected by an underlying error detection layer, or when some erroneous condition is signalled by the application processes. Error recovery and reconfiguration are specified as a set of guarded actions, i.e., actions that require a pre-condition to be fulfilled in order to be executed. Recovery actions deal with coarse-grained entities of the application and pre-conditions query the current state of those entities. An important added value of this so-called “recovery language approach” is that the exe- cutable code is structured so that the portion addressing fault-tolerance is distinct and separated from the rest of the code. This allows for division of complexity into distinct blocks that can be tackled independently of each other.

A FAULT-TOLERANCE LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE FOR DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS

Vincenzo De Florio

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