Mode of Transportation

1. Unit 4- Airport Planning & Design
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2. Regulating Authority
• ICAO- International Civil Aviation Organization,
an agency of UN headquartered at Montreal
Canada
It develops standards and laws for
international flights
• FAA- Federal Aviation Agency, a governmental
body of US headquartered Washington DC
• AAI & DGCA- Airport Authority of India &
Directorate General of Civil Aviation
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3. Airport Authority of India
• Controls overall air navigation in India
• Came into being on 1st April, 1995 and is
headquartered at New Delhi
• Formed by merging NAA (National Airport
Authority) and IAAI (International Airport
Authority of India)
• Functions of AAI
– Control and management of the Indian airspace
extending beyond the territory limits
– Design, development and operation of domestic
and international airports
– Construction and management of facilities
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4. • Factors to be considered for airport site
selection:-
Topography (less obstruction i.e proper zoning
laws, better visibility)
Analysis for wind from wind rose diagram
Grade, drainage & soil characteristics
Availability of utilities (water supply,
electricity)
Economic consideration
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5. RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
• FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
• Amongst them there are 4 basic runway
patterns :
1. SIMPLE RUNWAY
2. PARALLEL RUNWAY
3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Parking system for runway
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6. 6
SINGLE RUNWAY

7. PARALLEL RUNWAYS
There are 4
types of
parallel
runways
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8. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but do not
intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’
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9. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong
prevailing winds from more than one direction during the
year.
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10. RUNWAY LIGHTING
• These lights are used to assist pilot in to
identify the runway
• GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the
runway edge
• RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
• BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
• While runways have YELLOW or WHITE
lights marking their edges
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11. 11

12. RUNWAY SIGNS
• Various kinds of runway signs are also
used for facilitation
• They differ according to their purpose
and action
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13. 13

14. Aircraft components
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15. 15
Aircraft components

16. Aircraft characteristics
• Type of propulsion engine
• Size of aircraft
• Minimum turning radius
• Capacity of aircraft
• Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
• Jet blast
• noise
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17. weight &wheel configuration
• Different types of weights
– Operating empty weight
• Constant weight except payload and fuel =w1
– Pay load
• Load for which revenues are generated (passengers + freight)
– Zero-fuel weight
• W1 + payload=w2
– Maximum take-off weight
• Total amount of weight when it is taking off from runway,
w3=w2+fuel
– Maximum standard landing weight
• Fuel consumed during transport will be deducted from take-off
weight i.e < w3
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18. Classification of Airports
• Based on
Basic runway length- A(2100m), B, C, D,
E(600m)
Tyre pressure- 1(8.5kg/cm2), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7(2.5kg/cm2)
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19. Factors affecting the size of airport
– Defined by the space for operators, controlling systems,
facilities, manpower etc.
– Controlled by peak aircraft traffic, aircraft characteristics
– Elevation of airport size above MSL
• density and air pressure reduces
• Effects runway requirements, lift, drag etc.
• Aircraft performance varies altitude, air density, pressure ,
temperature
– Meteorological conditions
• Wind, temperature
• Effects runway orientation, length and no of runways reqd.
– Performance characteristics of aircraft
– Volume of air traffic (peak hour volume, size of aircraft, nature
of air traffic, runways, taxiways etc.,)
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20. Elements of Runway geometric design
• Runway Length
• Runway width
• Transverse Gradients
• Longitudinal gradients
• Sight distances
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21. RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Affecting factors:-
• WIND
• AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
• WILD LIFE HAZARDS
• TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION
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22. Runway design
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23. Wind-Rose
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24. Windrose
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25. WIND ROSE ANALYSIS
• An approach often used in determining
the runway orientation
• The method uses a wind rose template
• A transparent runway template is placed
and rotated around the center of wind
rose
• At each rotating angle, the percentage of
allowable cross winds is measured
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26. WIND ROSE METHOD
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27. Basic Runway Length
Assumed standard conditions
• Airport altitude is at sea level
• Temperature at airport is 15 degree Celsius
(standard temperature at any location is 15-
0.0065*elevation in metres )
• Runway is levelled in longitudinal direction
• No wind is blowing on runway
• Aircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity
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28. Basic Runway Length
Determined by considering following 3 cases:-
• Normal landing case
• Normal take-off case
• Engine failure case
The case which works out the highest value for
length is finally adopted
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30. 30

31. 31
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32. 32

33. 33
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34. 34

35. 35

36. Correction to basic runway length
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37. Correction to basic runway length
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38. Q
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39. Q- calculate for the correct length of runway if,
basic runway length=1620m, elevation of airport
site=270m, Airport reference temperature=32.94
degrees and effective gradient=0.20%
Ans-2150m
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40. Turning radius of taxiway
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41. Q- calculate for the turning radius of taxiway for
an supersonic aircraft having wheel base=17.7m,
width of taxiway 22.5m, wheel tread=6.62m,
turning velocity=40kmph and f=0.13
Ans-180m
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