Pengembangan sistem informasi merupakan Proses merencanakan, mengembangkan dan mengembangkan dan mengimplementasikan sistem informasi dan mmenggunakan metode, teknik dan alat bantu pengembangan tertentu.

1. T U G A S S I S T E M I N F O R M A S I M A N A J E M E N
P E N G E M B A N G A N S I S T E M I N F O R M A S I D I P E R U S A H A A N
D o s e n : P r o f , H a p z i A l i , M m , C m A
N A M A : T IA R A A Y U N IN G S IH
N IM : 4 3 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 7 8
J A K A R T A

2. B A B 1
P E N D A H U L U A N
I n f o r m a s i m e r u p a k a n s a la h s a t u h a l y a n g h a r u s d ip e n u h i o le h u m a t m a n u s ia , k a r e n a in f o r m a s i
m e r u p a k a n s u a t u k e b u t u h a n p r im e r . T a n p a in f o r m a s i in t e r n a l m a u p u n e k s t e r n a l, s u lit b a g i p a r a m e n a je r
u n t u k m e n g a m b il b e r b a g a i k e p u t u s a n d a la m p e r u s a h a a n . I n f o r m a s i in t e r n a l h a r u s d is ia p k a n s e n d ir i o le h
b e r b a g a i u n s u r p e r u s a h a a n , s e d a n g k a n in f o r m a s i e k s t e r n a l d ip e r o le h b a ik d a r i a la t - a la t k o m u n k a s i
m o d e r n .
K e m a ju a n a la t k o m u n ik a s i p a d a m ile n iu m k e t ig a s e m a k in m e m p e r m u d a h p e r o le h a n in f o r m a s i d a r i
b e r b a g a i s u m b e r u n t u k b e r b a g a i k e p e n t in g a n t e r u t a m a d a la m b e r b a g a i p e n g a m b ila n k e p u t u s a n
d id a la m p e r u s a h a a n , it u la h s e b a b n y a s a n g a t d ir a s a k a n p e n t in g n y a m e n g e lo la h in f o r m a s i s e c a r a
t e r in t e g r a s i p a d a s e t ia p o r g a n is a s i p e r u s a h a a n . O le h k a r e n a it u f o k u s u t a m a d a r i s is t e m in f o r m a s i
m a n a je m e n a d a la h b a g a im a n a m e n g e lo la h in f o r m a s i s e b a ik - b a ik n y a a g a r d a p a t m e n ja d i a la t p e m b a n t u
b a g i s e t ia p m a n a je r d a la m p e n g a m b ila n k e p u t u s a n .
S is t e m in f o r m a s i m a n a je m e n t e la h a d a ja u h s e b e lu m t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i y a n g b e r b a s is k a n k o m p u t e r
h a d ir . A k a n t e t a p i d e n g a n a d a n y a k o m p u t e r s e b a g a i s a la h s a t u b e n t u k r e v o lu s i d a la m t e k n o lo g i
in f o r m a s i, k o m p u t e r t e la h d e n g a n m e n a k ju b k a n m a m p u m e m p r o s e s d a t a s e c a r a c e p a t d a n a k u r a t
b a h k a n m e n y a jik a n in f o r m a s i y a n g t id a k m e m e r lu k a n w a k t u b e r h a r i - h a r i b a h k a n b e r m in g g u - m in g g u
u n t u k m e n g o la h n y a .
D a la m k e n y a t a a n n y a , P e r a n S is t e m I n f o r m a s i M a n a je m e n a k a n le b ih t e r a s a b a g i p e r u s a h a a n -
p e r u s a h a a n b e s a r . B a g i m e r e k a , k e b u t u h a n u n t u k m e n g u m p u lk a n d a t a d a n in f o r m a s i s e c a r a s k a la b e s a r
d a n d a la m w a k t u y a n g c e p a t le b ih d ir a s a k a n k e p e n t in g a n y a b e r b a n d in g d e n g a n p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n
m e n e n g a h a p a l a g i k e c il. O le h k a r e n a it u , d a la m a p lik a s in n n y a s u a t u p e r u s a h a a n p e r lu
m e m p e r t im b a n g k a n k e p e n t in g a n p e n g g u n a a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i in i d ia n t a r a n y a b e r d a s a r k a n d a r i s k a la
p e r u s a h a a n , ju m la h t e n a g a k e r ja , p o la k o m u n ik a s i s e r t a ja r in g a n p e r u s a h a a n d a la m d u n ia b i s n is d a la m
lin g k u n g a n n y a .
R U M U S A N M A S A L A H
A . A p a y a n g d im a k s u d d e n g a n P e n g e m b a n g a n S is t e m I n f o r m a s i ?
B . K e n a p a P e n g e m b a n g a n S is t e m I n f o r m a s i d ip e r lu k a n d i p e r u s a h a a n ?
C . B a g a im a n a T a h a p a n P e n g e m b a n g a n S is t e m I n f o r m a s i ?
D . A p a y a n g d im a k s u d d e n g a n D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ?
E . A p a je n is d a t a b a s e y a n g d it e r a p k a n d i p e r u s a h a a n ?

3. T U J U A N P E M B A H A S A N
T u ju a n u n t u k m e m e n u h i t u g a s m a t a k u lia h P e n g e lo la a n P e n d id ik a n , d a n ju g a u n t u k b e r b a g i
p e n g e t a h u a n t e n t a n g b e t a p a p e n t in g n y a S is t e m I n f o r m a s i M a n a je m e n d i d a la m k e h id u p a n m a n u s ia .
A . M e m a h a m i p e n g e m b a n g a n s y s t e m in f o r m a s i p a d a p e r u s a h a a n
B . M e m a h a m i k e n a p a p e n g e m b a n g a n s y s t e m in f o r m a s i d ip e r lu k a n d i p e r u s a h a a n
C . M e m a h a m i t a h a p a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s y s t e m in f o r m a s i
D . M e m a h a m i d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m
E . P e n e r a p a n d a t a b a s e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n
M A N F A A T
M e la lu i m a k a la h in i k a m i m e n g h a r a p k a n p e m b a c a :
1 . D a p a t m e m a h a m i b a g a im a n a p e n g e m b a n g a n s y s t e m in f o r m a s i p a d a p e r u s a h a a n
2 . D a p a t m e m a h a m i k e n a p a p e n g e m b a n g a n s y s t e m in f o r m a s i d ip e r lu k a n d i p e r u s a h a a n
3 . D a p a t m e m a h a m i t a h a p a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s y s t e m in f o r m a s i
4 . D a p a t m e m a h a m i d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m
5 . D a n m e m a h a m i p e n e r a p a n d a t a b a s e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n

4. B A B I I
P E M B A H A S A N
P E N G E M B A N G A N S IS T E M IN F O R M A S I
A d a p u n p e n g e r t i a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s i s t e m i n f o r m a s i , a d a l a h :
1 . K u m p u la n k e g ia t a n p a r a a n a lis is s is t e m , p e r a n c a n g d a n p e m a k a i y a n g m e n g e m b a n g k a n d a n
m e n g im p le m e n t a s ik a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i
2 . T a h a p a n k e g ia t a n y a n g d ila k u k a n s e la m a p e m b a n g u n a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i
3 . P r o s e s m e r e n c a n a k a n , m e n g e m b a n g k a n d a n m e n g e m b a n g k a n d a n m e n g im p le m e n t a s ik a n s is t e m
in f o r m a s i d a n m m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e , t e k n ik d a n a la t b a n t u p e n g e m b a n g a n t e r t e n t u .
P e n g e m b a n g a n S I p e r l u d i l a k u k a n , h a l t e r s e b u t d i s e b a b k a n o l e h b e b e r a p a h a l :
- A d a n y a p e r m a s a la h a n - p e r m a s a la h a n ( p r o b le m s ) y a n g t im b u l d i s is t e m y a n g la m a .
- U n t u k m e r a ih k e s e m p a t a n - k e s e m p a t a n
- A d a n y a in s t r u k s i d a r i p im p in a n / a d a n y a p e r a t u r a n p e m e r in t a h
M e n u r u t R . E k o I n d r a jit d i d a la m b u k u n y a " M a n a je m e n S is t e m I n f o r m a s i d a n T e k n o lo g i I n f o r m a s i" ,
m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i d a p a t d ik a t e g o r ik a n d a la m t ig a k e lo m p o k b e s a r ,
y a it u :
1 ) P r o y e k y a n g b e r s if a t p e m b a n g u n a n ja r in g a n in f r a s t r u k t u r t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i ( m u la i d a r i p e n g a d a a n
d a n in s t a la s i k o m p u t e r s a m p a i d e n g a n p e r e n c a n a a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n in f r a s t r u k t u r ja r in g a n L A N d a n
W A N ) .
2 ) I m p le m e n t a s i d a r i p a k e t p r o g r a m a p lik a s i y a n g d ib e li d i p a s a r a n d a n d it e r a p k a n d i p e r u s a h a a n , m u la i
d a r i p e r a n g k a t lu n a k k e c il s e p e r t i p r o d u k p r o d u k r it e l M ic r o s o f t s a m p a i d e n g a n a p lik a s i t e r in t e g r a s i y a n g
b e r b a s is t e k n o lo g i t in g g i.
3 ) P e r e n c a n a a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n a p lik a s i y a n g d ib u a t s e n d ir i s e c a r a k h u s u s ( c u s t o m iz e d s o f t w a r e ) ,
b a ik o le h in t e r n a l o r g a n is a s i m a u p u n k e r ja s a m a d e n g a n p ih a k lu a r , s e p e r t i k o n s u lt a n d a n s o f t w a r e
h o u s e .

5. M O D E L P E N G E M B A N G A N S I S T E M
P e n d e k a t a n s u a t u p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m y a n g s e d e r h a n a , le b ih d ik e n a l s e b a g a i m o d e l a ir t e r ju n
( w a t e r f a ll m o d e l) .
P e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i d ila k u k a n m e la lu i b e b e r a p a t a h a p , d im a n a m a s in g - m a s in g la n g k a h
m e n g h a s ilk a n s u a t u y a n g le b ih r in c i d a r i t a h a p s e b e lu m n y a . T a h a p a w a l d a r i p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m
u m u m n y a d im u la i d e n g a n m e n d e s k r ip s ik a n k e b u t u h a n p e n g g u n a d a r i s is i p e n d e k a t a n s is t e m r e n c a n a
s t r a t e jik y a n g b e r s if a t m a k r o , d iik u t i d e n g a n p e n ja b a r a n r e n c a n a s t r a t e jik d a n k e b u t u h a n o r g a n is a s i
ja n g k a m e n e n g a h d a n ja n g k a p a n ja n g , la z im n y a u n t u k p e r io d e 3 ( t ig a ) s a m p a i 5 ( lim a ) t a h u n .
T A H A P - T A H A P P E N G E M B A N G A N
S e c a r a g a r is b e s a r a d a e n a m t a h a p y a n g b ia s a d ija d ik a n s e b a g a i b a t u p ija k a n / m o d e l d a la m
m e la k s a n a k a n a k t iv it a s p e n g e m b a n g a n t e r s e b u t , y a it u : p e r e n c a n a a n , a n a lis is , d e s a in , k o n s t r u k s i,
im p le m e n t a s i, d a n p a s c a im p le m e n t a s i
1 . T a h a p P e r e n c a n a a n / S u r v e i
T a h a p in i m e r u p a k a n s u a t u r a n g k a ia n k e g ia t a n s e ja k id e p e r t a m a y a n g m e la t a r b e la k a n g i p e la k s a n a a n
p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m t e r s e b u t d ilo n t a r k a n . D a la m t a h a p p e r e n c a n a a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m h a r u s
m e n d a p a t k a n p e r h a t ia n y a n g s a m a b e s a r n y a d e n g a n m e r e n c a n a k a n p r o y e k - p r o y e k b e s a r la in n y a ,
s e p e r t i p e r e n c a n a a n p e n g a d a a n p e r a n g k a t ja r in g a n t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i ( T I ) , r e n c a n a m e m b a n g u n
g e d u n g k a n t o r 1 5 t in g k a t d a n s e b a g a in y a .
K e u n t u n g a n - k e u n t u n g a n y a n g d ip e r o le h jik a p r o y e k p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i d ir e n c a n a k a n
s e c a r a m a t a n g , m e n c a k u p :
1 . R u a n g lin g k u p p r o y e k d a p a t d it e n t u k a n s e c a r a je la s d a n t e g a s . U n it o r g a n is a s i, k e g ia t a n a t a u p u n
s is t e m y a n g m a n a y a n g a k a n d ilib a t k a n d a la m p e n g e m b a n g a n in i? u n it m a n a y a n g t id a k d ilib a t k a n ?
I n f o r m a s i in i m e m b e r ik a n p e r k ir a a n a w a l b e s a r n y a s u m b e r d a y a y a n g d ip e r lu k a n .
2 . D a p a t m e n g id e n t if ik a s i w ila y a h / a r e a p e r m a s a la h a n p o t e n s ia l. P e r e n c a n a a n a k a n m e n u n ju k k a n h a l -
h a l y a n g m u n g k in b is a t e r ja d i s u a t u k e s a la h a n , s e h in g g a h a l - h a l d e m ik ia n d a p a t d ic e g a h s e ja k a w a l.
3 . D a p a t m e n g a t u r u r u t a n k e g ia t a n . B a n y a k s e k a li t u g a s - t u g a s t e r p is a h d a n h a r u s b e r ja la n s e c a r a
b e r s a m a a n / p a r a le l y a n g d ip e r lu k a n u n t u k p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m . T u g a s - t u g a s in i d ia t u r d a la m u r u t a n
lo g is b e r d a s a r k a n p r io r it a s in f o r m a s i d a n k e b u t u h a n u n t u k e f is ie n s i.
T e r s e d ia n y a s a r a n a p e n g e n d a lia n . T in g k a t p e n g u k u r a n k in e r ja h a r u s d ip e r t e g a s s e ja k a w a l p a d a t a h a p
p e r e n c a n a a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m , P a d a t a h a p a w a l p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m , s is t e m a n a lis b e r t in d a k
s e b a g a i s p e s ia lis in f o r m a s i y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g ja w a b u n t u k b e k e r ja s a m a d e n g a n p e n g g u n a . A n g g o t a t im
la in n y a , s e p e r t i p e n g e lo la d a t a b a s e d a n s p e s ia lis ja r in g a n , b e r p e r a n s e b a g a i p e n d u k u n g .

6. K e g i a t a n - k e g i a t a n d a l a m t a h a p p e r e n c a n a a n d i s i n i , m e l i p u t i a n t a r a l a i n :
a . P e r u m u s a n a w a l t e r h a d a p k e b u t u h a n r in c i a t a u t a r g e t y a n g h a r u s d ic a p a i d a r i p r o y e k p e n g e m b a n g a n
s is t e m y a n g a k a n d ila k u k a n .
b . P e n y u s u n a n p r o p o s a l.
c . P e n e n t u a n m e t o d o lo g i d a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i y a n g d ig u n a k a n .
d . P e n u n ju k a n t im u n t u k p r o y e k y a n g a k a n d ila k s a n a k a n .
e . I n s t r u k s i u n t u k m e n g e k s e k u s i ( m e m u la i) p r o y e k y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n
f . I d e n t if ik a s i k e n d a la - k e n d a la s is t e m .
A d a d u a p ih a k y a n g t e r lib a t la n g s u n g d a la m p e r e n c a n a a n in i, y a it u p ih a k y a n g m e m b u t u h k a n s is t e m
in f o r m a s i d a n p ih a k y a n g a k a n m e la k u k a n p e r a n c a n g a n a t a u p e n y u s u n a n s is t e m in f o r m a s i.
K e lu a r a n ( o u t p u t ) y a n g h a r u s d ih a s ilk a n d a la m t a h a p in i a d a la h ja d w a l d e t a il d a r i k e lim a t a h a p a n
b e r ik u t n y a ( k h u s u n y a y a n g m e n y a n g k u t m a s a la h w a k t u u n t u k p e n y e le s a ia n ) , t a r g e t y a n g d a p a t
d is a m p a ik a n , p e r s o n il y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g ja w a b , a s p e k - a s p e k k e u a n g a n , d a n h a l - h a l la in y a n g b e r k a it a n
d e n g a n p e n d a y a g u n a a n s u m b e r d a y a y a n g d ip e r g u n a k a n d a la m p r o y e k
2 . T a h a p A n a l i s i s
A d a d u a a s p e k y a n g m e n ja d i f o k u s t a h a p in i, y a it u a s p e k b is n is / m a n a je m e n d a n a s p e k t e k n o lo g i. T u ju a n
d ila k u k a n n y a la n g k a h in i a d a la h u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i p o s is i a t a u p e r a n a n t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i y a n g p a lin g
s e s u a i d a n r e le v a n d i o r g a n is a s i d a n m e m p e la ja r i f u n g s i - f u n g s i m a n a je m e n d a n a s p e k - a s p e k b is n is
t e r k a it y a n g a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h a t a u m e m ilik i d a m p a k t e r t e n t u t e r h a d a p p r o s e s d e s a in , k o n s t r u k s i, d a n
im p le m e n t a s i.
S e la m a t a h a p a n a lis is , s is t e m a n a lis t e r u s b e k e r ja s a m a d e n g a n m a n a je r , d a n k o m it e p e n g a r a h s is t e m
in f o r m a s i t e r lib a t d a la m t it ik - t it ik y a n g p e n t in g m e n c a k u p k e g ia t a n s e b a g a i b e r ik u t :
- M e n e t a p k a n r e n c a n a p e n e lit ia n s is t e m
- M e n g o r g a n is a s ik a n t im p r o y e k
- M e n d e f in is ik a n k e b u t u h a n in f o r m a s i
- M e n d e f in is ik a n k r it e r ia k in e r ja s is t e m
- M e n y ia p k a n u s u la n r a n c a n g a n s is t e m
- M e n y e t u ju i a t a u m e n o la k r a n c a n g a n p r o y e k p e n g e m b a n g a n s is t e m
K e lu a r a n d a r i p r o s e s a n a lis is d i k e d u a a s p e k in i a d a l a h m a s a la h - m a s a la h p e n t in g y a n g h a r u s s e g e r a
d it a n g a n i, a n a lis is p e n y e b a b d a n d a m p a k p e r m a s a la h a n b a g i o r g a n is a s i, b e b e r a p a k e m u n g k in a n

7. s k e n a r io p e m e c a h a n m a s a la h d e n g a n k e m u n g k in a n d a n d a m p a k r is ik o s e r t a p o t e n s in y a , d a n p ilih a n
a lt e r n a t if s o lu s i y a n g d ir e k o m e n d a s ik a n .
3 . T a h a p D e s a i n
T im t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i b e k e r ja s a m a d e n g a n t im b is n is a t a u m a n a je m e n m e la k u k a n p e r a n c a n g a n
k o m p o n e n - k o m p o n e n s is t e m t e r k a it . T im t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i a k a n m e la k u k a n p e r a n c a n g a n t e k n is d a r i
t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i y a n g a k a n d ib a n g u n , s e p e r t i s is t e m b a s is d a t a , ja r in g a n k o m p u t e r , t e k n ik k o v e r s i
d a t a , m e t o d e m ig r a s i s is t e m , d a n s e b a g a in y a . S e m e n t a r a it u , s e c a r a p a r a le l d a n b e r s a m a - s a m a t im
b is n is a t a u m a n a je m e n , d a n t im t e k n o lo g i in f o r m a s i a k a n m e la k u k a n p e r a n c a n g a n t e r h a d a p
k o m p o n e n k o m p o n e n o r g a n is a s i y a n g t e r k a it , s e p e r t i: s t a n d a r d o p e r a t in g p r o c e d u r e s ( S O P ) , s t r u k t u r
o r g a n is a s i, k e b ija k a n - k e b ija k a n , t e k n ik p e la t ih a n , p e n d e k a t a n S D M , d a n s e b a g a in y a . L a n g k a h - la n g k a h
t a h a p r a n c a n g a n s is t e m m e n c a k u p :
1 ) M e n y ia p k a n d e t a il r a n c a n g a n s is t e m
2 ) M e n g id e n t if ik a s i b e r b a g a i a lt e r n a t if k o n f ig u r a s i/ r a n c a n g b a n g u n s is t e m
3 ) M e n g e v a lu a s i b e r b a g a i a lt e r n a t if k o n f ig u r a s i s is t e m
4 ) M e m ilih k o n f ig u r a s i t e r b a ik
5 ) M e n y ia p k a n u s u la n p e n e r a p a n / a p lik a s i
6 ) M e n y e t u ju i a t a u m e n o la k a p lik a s i s is t e m
4 . T a h a p K o n s t r u k s i
D a r i s e m u a t a h a p a n y a n g a d a , t a h a p k o n s t r u k s i in ila h y a n g b ia s a n y a p a lin g b a n y a k m e lih a t k a n s u m b e r
d a y a t e r b e s a r , t e r u t a m a d a la m h a l p e n g g u n a a n S D M , b ia y a , d a n w a k t u . P e n g e n d a lia n t e r h a d a p
m a n a je m e n p r o y e k p a d a t a h a p k o n s t r u k s i h a r u s d ip e r k e t a t a g a r p e n g g u n a a n s u m b e r d a y a d a p a t e f e k t if
d a n e f is ie n . B a g a im a n a p u n , h a l in i a k a n b e r d a m p a k t e r h a d a p k e b e r h a s ila n p r o y e k s is t e m in f o r m a s i y a n g
d is e le s a ik a n s e c a r a t e p a t w a k t u . A k h ir d a r i t a h a p k o n s t r u k s i b ia s a n y a b e r u p a u ji c o b a a t a s s is t e m
in f o r m a s i y a n g b a r u d ik e m b a n g k a n .
5 . T a h a p I m p l e m e n t a s i
S e c a r a u m u m t u ju a n d a r i t a h a p a n in i a d a la h u n t u k m e la k s a n a k a n u ji c o b a a t a s k o n s e p p e n g e m b a n g a n
s is t e m y a n g t e la h d is u s u n . D a la m t a h a p a n in i k e g ia t a n d it it ik b e r a t k a n p a d a p e n e lit ia n a p a k a h k o n s e p
s is t e m y a n g t e la h d i s u s u n it u d a p a t d ila k s a n a k a n d e n g a n b e n a r / t id a k . K e lu a r a n y a n g d ih a s ilk a n a d a la h
s u a t u r e k o m e n d a s i u ji c o b a a t a s h a s il p e n e lit ia n s e la m a p e la k s a n a a n u ji c o b a d a la m ja n g k a w a k t u
t e r t e n t u . P e k e r ja a n u t a m a d a la m im p le m e n t a s i s is t e m b ia s a n y a m e n c a k u p h a l - h a l s e b a g a i b e r ik u t :
- M e r e n c a n a k a n w a k t u y a n g t e p a t u n t u k im p le m e n t a s i
- M e n g u m u m k a n r e n c a n a im p le m e n t a s i

8. - M e n d a p a t k a n s u m b e r d a y a p e r a n g k a t k e r a s d a n lu n a k
- M e n y ia p k a n d a t a b a s e
- M e n y ia p k a n f a s ilit a s f is ik
- M e m b e r ik a n p e la t ih a n d a n w o r k s h o p
- M e n y ia p k a n s a a t y a n g t e p a t u n t u k c u t o v e r ( p e r a lih a n s is t e m )
- P e n g g u n a a n s is t e m b a r u
P e m b e r ia n p e la t ih a n ( t r a in in g ) h a r u s d ib e r ik a n k e p a d a s e m u a p ih a k y a n g t e r lib a t s e b e lu m t a h a p
im p le m e n t a s i d im u la i. S e la in u n t u k m e n g u r a n g i r is ik o k e g a g a la n , p e m b e r ia n p e la t ih a n ju g a b e r g u n a
u n t u k m e n a n a m k a n r a s a m e m ilik i t e r h a d a p s is t e m b a r u y a n g a k a n d it e r a p k a n . D e n g a n c a r a in i, s e lu r u h
ja ja r a n p e n g g u n a a k a n d e n g a n m u d a h m e n e r im a s is t e m t e r s e b u t d a n m e m e lih a r a n y a d e n g a n b a ik d i
m a s a - m a s a m e n d a t a n g
6 . T a h a p P a s c a I m p l e m e n t a s i
S e p e r t i h a ln y a s u m b e r d a y a y a n g la in , s is t e m in f o r m a s i a k a n m e n g a la m i p e r k e m b a n g a n d i k e m u d ia n
h a r i. H a l- h a l s e p e r t i m o d if ik a s i s is t e m , b e r p e d o m a n k e s is t e m la in , p e r u b a h a n h a k a k s e s s is t e m ,
p e n a n g a n a n t e r h a d a p f a s ilit a s p a d a s is t e m y a n g r u s a k , m e r u p a k a n c o n t o h d a r i k a s u s - k a s u s y a n g
b ia s a n y a t im b u l d a la m p e m e lih a r a a n s is t e m . D is in ila h d ip e r lu k a n d o k u m e n t a s i y a n g m e m a d a i d a n
p e m in d a h a n p e n g e t a h u a n d a r i p ih a k p e n y u s u n s is t e m k e p e n g g u n a u n t u k m e n ja m in t e r k e lo la n y a
d e n g a n b a ik p r o s e s - p r o s e s p e m e lih a r a a n s is t e m .
D a r i p e r s p e k t if m a n a je m e n , t a h a p p a s c a - im p le m e n t a s i a d a la h b e r u p a s u a t u a k t iv it a s d i m a n a h a r u s a d a
p e r s o n il a t a u d iv is i y a n g d a p a t m e la k u k a n p e r u b a h a n a t a u m o d if ik a s i t e r h a d a p s is t e m in f o r m a s i s e ja la n
d e n g a n p e r u b a h a n k e b u t u h a n b is n is y a n g d in a m is .
D A T A B A S E
A p a I t u D B M S
D B M S ( D a t a B a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ) a d a la h s is t e m y a n g s e c a r a k h u s u s d ib u a t u n t u k m e m u d a h k a n
p e m a k a i d a la m m e n g e lo la b a s is d a t a . S is t e m in i d ib u a t u n t u k m e n g a t a s i k e le m a h a n s is t e m p e m r o s e s a n
y a n g b e r b a s is b e r k a s . P a d a p e n d e k a t a n y a n g b e r b a s is b e r k a s , u m u m n y a p e r a n c a n g a n s is t e m d id a s a r k a n
p a d a k e b u t u h a n in d iv id u a l p e m a k a i, b u k a n b e r d a s a r k a n k e b u t u h a n s e ju m la h p e m a k a i. S e t ia p k a li
t e r d a p a t k e b u t u h a n b a r u d a r i s e o r a n g p e m a k a i, k e b u t u h a n s e g e r a d it e r je m a h k a n k e d a la m p r o g r a m
k o m p u t e r . A k ib a t n y a , k e m u n g k in a n b e s a r s e t ia p p r o g r a m a p lik a s i m e n u lis k a n d a t a t e r s e n d ir i.
S e m e n t a r a it u a d a k e m u n g k in a n d a t a y a n g s a m a ju g a t e r d a p a t p a d a b e r k a s - b e r k a s la in y a n g d ig u n a k a n
o le h p r o g r a m a p lik a s i la in .

9. J E N IS - J E N IS D A T A B A S E
O p e r a t i o n a l D a t a b a s e ( B a s i s D a t a O p e r a s i o n a l )
S is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a o p e r a s io n a l d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g e lo la d a t a d in a m is s e c a r a r e a l - t im e .
J e n is b a s is d a t a in i m e m u n g k in k a n P e n g g u n a u n t u k m e la k u k a n le b ih d a r i s e k e d a r m e lih a t d a t a y a n g d i
a r s ip k a n . D a t a b a s e o p e r a s io n a l m e m u n g k in k a n P e n g g u n a m e m o d if ik a s i d a t a ( m e n a m b a h , m e n g u b a h
a t a u m e n g h a p u s d a t a ) d e n g a n m e la k u k a n n y a s e c a r a r e a l - t im e .
1 . J S O N
J S O N ( J a v a S c r ip t O b je c t N o t a t io n ) m e r u p a k a n f o r m a t f ile y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n t e k s u n t u k m e n g ir im k a n
d a t a , J S O N s a n g a t u m u m d i g u n a k a n u n t u k k o m u n ik a s i ( p e r t u k a r a n d a t a ) p a d a w e b b r o w s e r d a n w e b
s e r v e r s e h in g g a m e m u n g k in k a n s in k r o n is a s i d a t a d a p a t d i la k u k a n s e c a r a r e a l - t im e .
2 . X M L
E x t e n s ib le M a r k u p L a n g u a g e a t a u X M L a d a la h b a h a s a m a r k - u p y a n g m e r u p a k a n s e p e r a n g k a t a t u r a n
u n t u k m e n g k o d e k a n d o k u m e n d a la m f o r m a t y a n g d a p a t d i b a c a m a n u s ia d a n d a p a t d i b a c a o le h m e s in .
X M L m e n e k a n k a n g e n e r a lis a s i s e h in g g a m e n g h a s ilk a n f o r m a t d a t a t e k s t u a l d a n d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k
r e p r e s e n t a s i s t r u k t u r b a s is d a t a t e r m a s u k s in k r o n is a s i d a t a s e c a r a r e a l - t im e , c o c o k d i g u n a k a n u n t u k
m e n a n g a n i b a s is d a t a p a d a w e b b r o w s e r d a n w e b s e r v e r , X M L d i n ila i b a n y a k m e m ilik i k e m ir ip a n
d e n g a n J S O N t e r u t a m a d a r i s e g i s t r u k t u r .
R e l a t i o n a l D a t a b a s e ( B a s i s D a t a R e l a s i o n a l )
B a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l m e r u p a k a n b a s is d a t a y a n g o r g a n is a s in y a d i d a s a r k a n p a d a m o d e l d a t a r e la s io n a l.
B e r b a g a i s is t e m p e r a n g k a t lu n a k y a n g d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e m e lih a r a b a s is r e la s io n a l d ik e n a l s e b a g a i
s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l ( R D B M S a t a u R e la t io n a l D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ) .
H a m p ir s e m u a s is t e m b a s is d a t a r e la s i o n a l m e n g g u n a k a n S Q L ( S t r u c t u r e d Q u e r y L a n g u a g e ) s e b a g a i
b a h a s a u n t u k q u e r y d a n p e m e lih a r a a n b a s is d a t a .
3 . M y S Q L
M y S Q L a d a la h s a la h s a t u s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l, M y S Q L a d a la h k o m p o n e n u t a m a
p e r a n g k a t lu n a k a p lik a s i L A M P . L A M P a d a la h a k r o n im u n t u k “ L in u x , A p a c h e , M y S Q L , P e r l / P H P /
P y t h o n ” . A p lik a s i y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n d a t a b a s e M y S Q L a n t a r a la in : T Y P O 3 , M O D x , J o o m la , W o r d P r e s s ,
p h p B B , M y B B , d a n D r u p a l. M y S Q L ju g a d ig u n a k a n d i b a n y a k s it u s b e r s k a la b e s a r d a n b e s a r , t e r m a s u k
G o o g le ( m e s k ip u n t id a k u n t u k p e n c a r ia n ) , F a c e b o o k , T w it t e r , F lic k r , d a n Y o u T u b e .
4 . P o s t g r e S Q L
P o s t g r e S Q L ( s e r in g d i s e b u t P o s t g r e s ) , m e r u p a k a n s is t e m p e n g e lo la a n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l, f u n g s i
u t a m a n y a a d a la h m e n y im p a n d a t a d e n g a n a m a n d a n m e n g e m b a lik a n d a t a t e r s e b u t s e b a g a i r e s p o n a t a s
p e r m in t a a n d a r i a p lik a s i p e r a n g k a t lu n a k la in n y a . H a l t e r s e b u t d a p a t m e n a n g a n i b e b a n k e r ja m u la i d a r i
a p lik a s i m e s in t u n g g a l k e c il s a m p a i a p lik a s i I n t e r n e t y a n g b e s a r d e n g a n b a n y a k p e n g g u n a b e r s a m a a n .

10. P a d a m a c O S S e r v e r , P o s t g r e S Q L a d a la h b a s is d a t a d e f a u lt , P o s t g r e S Q L ju g a t e r s e d ia u n t u k M ic r o s o f t
W in d o w s d a n L in u x ( d is e r t a k a n d a la m s e b a g ia n b e s a r d is t r ib u s i/ d is t r o ) .
5 . M o n g o D B
M o n g o D B m e r u p a k a n p e r a n g k a t lu n a k b a s is d a t a b e r o r ie n t a s i d o k u m e n c r o s s p la t f o r m d a n o p e n
s o u r c e . D ik la s if ik a s ik a n s e b a g a i p r o g r a m b a s is d a t a N o S Q L , M o n g o D B m e n g g u n a k a n d o k u m e n m ir ip
d e n g a s k e m a J S O N . M o n g o D B d ik e m b a n g k a n o le h M o n g o D B I n c .
6 . M a r ia D B
M a r ia D B d i k e m b a n g k a n d a r i s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l M y S Q L . P e n g e m b a n g a n d i p im p in
o le h b e b e r a p a p e n g e m b a n g a s li M y S Q L y a n g b e r c a b a n g k a r e n a k e k h a w a t ir a n a t a s a k u is is i o le h O r a c le
C o r p o r a t io n . M a r ia D B b e r m a k s u d u n t u k m e m p e r t a h a n k a n k o m p a t ib ilit a s y a n g t in g g i d e n g a n M y S Q L d a n
c o c o k d e n g a n A P I M y S Q L s e r t a p e r in t a h n y a .
M a r ia D B t e r m a s u k m e s in p e n y im p a n a n X t r a D B u n t u k m e n g g a n t i I n n o D B , s e r t a m e s in p e n y im p a n a n
b a r u b e r n a m a A r ia , y a n g b e r m a k s u d m e n ja d i m e s in t r a n s a k s io n a l d a n n o n - t r a n s a k s io n a l b a h k a n
m u n g k in m e s in t e r s e b u t a k a n d is e r t a k a n d a la m v e r s i M y S Q L d i m a s a m e n d a t a n g .
7 . O r a c le D a t a b a s e
O r a c le D a t a b a s e ( b ia s a n y a d is e b u t s e b a g a i O r a c le R D B M S a t a u h a n y a s e b a g a i O r a c le s a ja ) a d a la h s is t e m
m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l y a n g d ip r o d u k s i d a n d ip a s a r k a n o le h O r a c le C o r p o r a t io n .
P e n g g u n a a n b a s is d a t a O r a c le m e n g a c u p a d a s t r u k t u r m e m o r i s e r v e r - s id e s e b a g a i S G A ( S y s t e m G lo b a l
A r e a ) . S G A b ia s a n y a m e n y im p a n in f o r m a s i c a c h e s e p e r t i b u f f e r d a t a , p e r in t a h S Q L , d a n in f o r m a s i
p e n g g u n a . S e la in p e n y im p a n a n , b a s is d a t a ju g a t e r d ir i d a r i r e d o lo g o n lin e ( a t a u lo g s a ja ) , y a n g
m e n y im p a n r iw a y a t t r a n s a k s io n a l.
8 . S A P H A N A
S A P H A N A m e r u p a k a n s is t e m p e n g e lo la a n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l, b e r o r ie n t a s i p a d a k o lo m d a n p a d a
h u b u n g a n a n t a r t a b e l. S A P H A N A d i k e m b a n g k a n d a n d i p a s a r k a n o le h S A P S E . F u n g s i u t a m a n y a s e b a g a i
d a t a b a s e s e r v e r a d a la h m e n y im p a n d a n m e n g a m b il d a t a s e s u a i p e r m in t a a n a p lik a s i. S e la in it u , S A P
H A N A ju g a m e la k u k a n a n a lis is la n ju t a n ( a n a lis is p r e d ik t if , p e m r o s e s a n d a t a s p a s ia l, a n a lis is t e k s ,
p e n c a r ia n t e k s , a n a lis is s t r e a m in g , p e m r o s e s a n d a t a g r a f ik ) d a n m e n c a k u p k e m a m p u a n E T L s e r t a s e r v e r
a p lik a s i.
9 . M e m S Q L
M e m S Q L a d a la h s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a S Q L t e r d is t r ib u s i d a n in - m e m o r y . M e m S Q L ju g a t e r m a s u k
s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l ( R D B M S ) . M e m S Q L m e n g k o m p ila s i S t r u c t u r e d Q u e r y L a n g u a g e
( S Q L ) k e d a la m k o d e m e s in m e la lu i p r o s e s p e m b u a t a n k o d e y a n g d is e b u t “ c o d e g e n e r a t io n “ .
1 0 . I B M D b 2
I B M D b 2 m e r u p a k a n p r o d u k d a t a b a s e s e r v e r y a n g d ik e m b a n g k a n o le h I B M . I B M D b 2 m e n d u k u n g m o d e l
r e la s io n a l, n a m u n d a la m b e b e r a p a t a h u n t e r a k h ir I B M D b 2 t e la h d ip e r lu a s u n t u k m e n d u k u n g f it u r
r e la s io n a l d a n s t r u k t u r n o n - r e la s io n a l s e p e r t i J S O N d a n X M L .

11. S e c a r a h is t o r is I B M D b 2 t id a k s e p e r t i v e n d o r d a t a b a s e la in n y a , I B M m e n g h a s ilk a n p la t f o r m k h u s u s u n t u k
p r o d u k D B 2 p a d a m a s in g - m a s in g s is t e m o p e r a s i u t a m a n y a . N a m u n , p a d a 1 9 9 0 - a n , I B M m u la i
m e n g h a s ilk a n p r o d u k D B 2 y a n g u m u m , d ir a n c a n g d e n g a n b a s is k o d e u m u m u n t u k b e r ja la n d i b e r b a g a i
p la t f o r m ( t id a k h a r u s p r o d u k I B M ) .
1 1 . F ir e b ir d
F ir e b ir d a d a la h s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a S Q L r e la s io n a l y a n g o p e n s o u r c e d a n b e r ja la n d i L in u x ,
M ic r o s o f t W in d o w s , M a c O S X d a n b e r b a g a i s is t e m o p e r a s i U n ix - lik e . B a s is d a t a F ir e b ir d m e r u p a k a n
c a b a n g d a r i e d is i o p e n s o u r c e B o r la n d I n t e r b a s e p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , n a m u n s e ja k F ir e b ir d 1 . 5 , k o d e
t e r s e b u t s e b a g ia n b e s a r t e la h d it u lis u la n g .
1 2 . I n t e r b a s e
I n t e r b a s e a d a la h s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l ( R D B M S ) y a n g s a a t in i d ik e m b a n g k a n d a n
d ip a s a r k a n o le h E m b a r c a d e r o T e c h n o lo g ie s ( d u lu B o r la n d ) . I n t e r b a s e b e r b e d a d a r i R D B M S la in d e n g a n
“ f o o t p r in t ” y a n g m in im , p e r s y a r a t a n a d m in is t r a s i y a n g m e n d e k a t i n o l, d a n a r s it e k t u r m u lt i - g e n e r a s i.
I n t e r b a s e b e r ja la n d i s is t e m o p e r a s i M ic r o s o f t W in d o w s , m a c O S , L in u x , S o la r is s e r t a iO S d a n A n d r o id .
D a t a b a s e W a r e h o u s e
D a t a b a s e W a r e h o u s e a t a u b ia s a d i s e b u t d e n g a n d a t a w a r e h o u s e ( D W a t a u D W H ) ju g a d i k e n a l s e b a g a i
e n t e r p r is e d a t a w a r e h o u s e ( E D W ) , a d a la h s is t e m b a s is d a t a y a n g d ig u n a k a n u n t u k p e la p o r a n d a n
a n a lis is d a t a , d a n d ia n g g a p s e b a g a i k o m p o n e n in t i d a r i b u s in e s s in t e llig e n c e . D a t a b a s e w a r e h o u s e
a d a la h r e p o s it o r i s e n t r a l d a t a t e r p a d u d a r i s a t u a t a u le b ih s u m b e r y a n g b e r b e d a . D a t a b a s e t e r s e b u t
m e n y im p a n d a t a t e r k in i d a n h is t o r is d a la m s a t u t e m p a t d a n d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e m b u a t la p o r a n a n a lis is .
D a t a y a n g t e r s im p a n d i “ w a r e h o u s e ” d i u n g g a h d a r i s is t e m o p e r a s io n a l ( s e p e r t i p e m a s a r a n a t a u
p e n ju a la n ) . D a t a d a p a t m e le w a t i p e n y im p a n a n d a t a o p e r a s io n a l d a n m u n g k in m e m e r lu k a n
p e m b e r s ih a n d a t a ( s e m a c a m f ilt r a s i o le h b a g ia n t e r t e n t u d a r i p e r u s a h a a n ) u n t u k o p e r a s i t a m b a h a n d a n
u n t u k m e m a s t ik a n k u a lit a s d a t a s e b e lu m d ig u n a k a n d i d a t a b a s e w a r e h o u s e u n t u k p e la p o r a n .
1 3 . M ic r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r
M ic r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r a d a la h s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a y a n g d ik e m b a n g k a n o le h M ic r o s o f t . S e b a g a i
s e r v e r d a t a b a s e , M ic r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r a d a la h p r o d u k p e r a n g k a t lu n a k d e n g a n f u n g s i u t a m a m e n y im p a n
d a n m e n g a m b il d a t a s e s u a i p e r m in t a a n a p lik a s i p e r a n g k a t lu n a k la in y a n g m u n g k in b e r ja la n b a ik d i
k o m p u t e r y a n g s a m a a t a u p a d a k o m p u t e r la in m e la lu i ja r in g a n ( t e r m a s u k I n t e r n e t ) .
M ic r o s o f t m e m a s a r k a n s e t id a k n y a 1 2 e d is i b e r b e d a d a r i M ic r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r , d it u ju k a n u n t u k
p e n g g u n a y a n g b e r b e d a d a n u n t u k b e b a n k e r ja m u la i d a r i a p lik a s i m e s in t u n g g a l k e c il h in g g a a p lik a s i
y a n g m e n g h a d a p i I n t e r n e t b e s a r d e n g a n b a n y a k p e n g g u n a b e r s a m a a n .
D i s t r i b u t e d D a t a b a s e ( b a s i s d a t a t e r d i s i t i b u s i / t e r s e b a r )
B a s is d a t a t e r d is t r ib u s i m e r u p a k a n b a s is d a t a d im a n a p e r a n g k a t p e n y im p a n a n t id a k t e r p a s a n g p a d a
p e r a n g k a t k o m p u t e r y a n g s a m a . B a s is d a t a d a p a t d is im p a n d i b e b e r a p a p e r a n g k a t k o m p u t e r b a ik y a n g

12. t e r le t a k d i lo k a s i f is ik y a n g s a m a a t a u m u n g k in t e r s e b a r m e la lu i ja r in g a n k o m p u t e r y a n g s a lin g
b e r h u b u n g a n .
T id a k s e p e r t i s is t e m p a r a le l, d i m a n a p e r a n g k a t k o m p u t e r d i g a b u n g k a n e r a t d a n m e r u p a k a n s a t u s is t e m
b a s is d a t a t u n g g a l, s is t e m b a s is d a t a t e r d is t r ib u s i t e r d ir i d a r i s it u s y a n g d i g a b u n g k a n d a n t id a k m e m ilik i
k o m p o n e n f is ik .
A d m in is t r a t o r s is t e m b a s is d a t a d a p a t m e n d is t r ib u s ik a n s e k u m p u la n d a t a d i b e b e r a p a lo k a s i f is ik . B a s is
d a t a t e r d is t r ib u s i d a p a t b e r a d a p a d a s e r v e r ja r in g a n t e r o r g a n is ir a t a u k o m p u t e r m a n d ir i y a n g
t e r d e s e n t r a lis a s i d i I n t e r n e t , in t r a n e t a t a u e k s t r a n e t p e r u s a h a a n , a t a u ja r in g a n o r g a n is a s i la in .
K a r e n a b a s is d a t a t e r d is t r ib u s i m e n y im p a n d a t a d i b e b e r a p a k o m p u t e r , b a s is d a t a t e r d is t r ib u s i d a p a t
m e n in g k a t k a n k in e r ja p a d a k in e r ja p e n g g u n a a k h ir ( e n d u s e r ) d e n g a n m e m b ia r k a n t r a n s a k s i d i p r o s e s d i
b a n y a k m e s in s e h in g g a t id a k m e m b e b a n i s a t u m e s in s a ja .
1 4 . M ic r o s o f t ( O f f ic e ) A c c e s s
M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s m e r u p a k a n s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a ( d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m / D B M S ) d a r i
M ic r o s o f t y a n g m e n g g a b u n g k a n M ic r o s o f t J e t D a t a b a s e E n g in e d e n g a n a n t a r m u k a d a n a la t
p e n g e m b a n g a n p e r a n g k a t lu n a k . A c c e s s a d a la h b a g ia n d a r i r a n g k a ia n a p lik a s i M ic r o s o f t O f f ic e ,
t e r m a s u k d a la m e d is i P r o f e s io n a l d a n e d is i y a n g le b ih t in g g i a t a u d iju a l t e r p is a h ( h a n y a M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s
s a ja ) .
M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s m e n y im p a n d a t a d a la m f o r m a t n y a s e n d ir i b e r d a s a r k a n M ic r o s o f t J e t D a t a b a s e E n g in e .
A c c e s s ju g a d a p a t m e n g im p o r a t a u m e n g h u b u n g k a n la n g s u n g k e d a t a y a n g t e r s im p a n d a la m a p lik a s i
d a n d a t a b a s e la in . P e n g e m b a n g p e r a n g k a t lu n a k d a p a t m e n g g u n a k a n M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s u n t u k
m e n g e m b a n g k a n p e r a n g k a t lu n a k . S e p e r t i a p lik a s i M ic r o s o f t O f f ic e la in n y a , A c c e s s d id u k u n g o le h V is u a l
B a s ic f o r A p p lic a t io n s ( V B A ) , D A O ( D a t a A c c e s s O b je c t s ) , A c t iv e X D a t a O b je c t s , d a n b a n y a k k o m p o n e n
A c t iv e X la in n y a .
M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s c o c o k d i g u n a k a n p a d a s is t e m in f o r m a s i d e n g a n b a s is d a t a t e r d is t r ib u s i, b a s is d a t a
M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s d is im p a n d a la m f ile b e r e k s t e n s i . m d b a t a u . a c c d b d a n t id a k m e m e r lu k a n s e r v e r b a s is
d a t a a k t if s e h in g g a c e n d e r u n g b e r s if a t “ p o r t a b le ” , M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s ju g a m e n d u k u n g r e la s io n a l
( h u b u n g a n ) a n t a r t a b e l s e h in g g a jik a b o le h S a y a a k a n m e n y e b u t n y a d e n g a n “ m in ia t u r
R D B M S ” . M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s ju g a d a p a t d e n g a n m u d a h d i - im p o r t k e d a la m b e r b a g a i s is t e m m a n a je m e n
b a s is d a t a “ b e s a r ” s e p e r t i M ic r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r , M y S Q L , O r a c le , d a n la in s e b a g a in y a .
E n d - U s e r D a t a b a s e
1 5 . S Q L it e
S Q L it e m e r u p a k a n s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a y a n g t e r d a p a t d a la m li b r a r y p e m r o g r a m a n C . B e r b e d a
d e n g a n b a n y a k s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a la in n y a , S Q L it e b u k a n la h m e s in b a s is d a t a c lie n t - s e r v e r .
S e b a lik n y a , S Q L it e t e r t a n a m k e d a la m p r o g r a m a k h ir s e h in g g a S Q L it e c o c o k d i g u n a k a n u n t u k
m e n d u k u n g p e n y im p a n a n d a t a a k h ir p e n g g u n a a k h ir ( E n d - U s e r ) .

13. S Q L it e c u k u p p o p u le r u n t u k d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i p e r a n g k a t lu n a k b a s is d a t a y a n g d i t a m a n u n t u k
p e n y im p a n a n lo k a l / k lie n d a la m p e r a n g k a t lu n a k a p lik a s i s e p e r t i p e r a m b a n w e b . B is a d i b ila n g b a s is
d a t a y a n g p a lin g b a n y a k d ig u n a k a n , s e p e r t i y a n g s e k a r a n g d ig u n a k a n o le h b e b e r a p a p e r a m b a n w e b ,
s is t e m o p e r a s i, d a n s is t e m e m b e d d e d y a n g lu a s ( s e p e r t i p o n s e l) , S Q L it e ju g a t e la h t e r in t e g r a s i d e n g a n
b a n y a k b a h a s a p e m r o g r a m a n .
D a t a b a s e y a n g d i t e r a p k a n d i M a r t h a T i l a a r S a l o n D a y S p a y a i t u :
- S is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a o p e r a s io n a l. D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n d a t a b a s e in i k it a b is a m e lih a t d a t a
y a n g d ia r s ip k a n , d a t a y a n g t e r s im p a n y a n g m u n g k in b is a m e m o d if ik a s i d a t a ( m e n a m b a h , m e n g u b a h ,
m e n g h a p u s ) s e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e r a n g a n p a d a s e t ia p c u s t o m e r y a n g a d a d i M a r t h a T ila a r .
- D is t r ib u t e d D a t a b a s e y a n g d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e n d is t r ib u s ik a n d a t a d a r i p u s a t c o n t r o l d is im p a n d i
b e b e r a p a p e r a n g k a t c o m p u t e r y a n g t e r s e b a r d i I n d o n e s ia y a it u d i s e t ia p k o m p u t e r S a lo n M a r t h a T ila a r
m e la lu i ja r in g a n c o m p u t e r y a n g s a lin g b e r h u b u n g a n .
- R e la t io n a l D a t a b a s e , y a n g m e n y im p a n r iw a y a t t r a n s a k s io n a l d e n g a n k o d e t e r t e n t u d e n g a n
m e m a s u k k a n lo g in d a t a y a n g d ig u n a k a n u n t u k a k s e s k e d a la m d a t a t e r s e b u t
- D a t a b a s e W a r e h o u s e y a it u d a t a b a s e t e r s e b u t m e n y im p a n d a t a t e r k in i d a n h is t o r is d a la m s a t u t e m p a t
d a n d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e m b u a t la p o r a n a n a lis is
D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ( D B M S )
S is t e m m a n a je m e n d a t a b a s e a t a u d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m ( D B M S ) a d a la h m e r u p a k a n s u a t u
s is t e m s o f t w a r e y a n g m e m u n g k in k a n s e o r a n g u s e r d a p a t m e n d e f in is ik a n , m e m b u a t , d a n m e m e lih a r a
s e r t a m e n y e d ia k a n a k s e s t e r k o n t r o l t e r h a d a p d a t a . D a t a b a s e s e n d ir i a d a la h s e k u m p u la n d a t a y a n g
b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n s e c a r a lo g ik a d a n m e m ilik i b e b e r a p a a r t i y a n g s a lin g b e r p a u t a n .
C o n t o h t ip ik a l S M B D a d a la h a k u n t a n s i , s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s ia , d a n s is t e m p e n d u k u n g p e la n g g a n , S M B D
t e la h b e r k e m b a n g m e n ja d i b a g ia n s t a n d a r d i b a g ia n p e n d u k u n g ( b a c k o f f ic e ) s u a t u p e r u s a h a a n .
D B M S m e r u p a k a n p e r a n g k a t lu n a k y a n g d ir a n c a n g u n t u k d a p a t m e la k u k a n u t ilis a s i d a n m e n g e lo la
k o le k s i d a t a d a la m ju m la h y a n g b e s a r . D B M S ju g a d ir a n c a n g u n t u k d a p a t m e la k u k a n m a n ip u la s i d a t a
s e c a r a le b ih m u d a h . S e b e lu m a d a n y a D B M S , d a t a p a d a u m u m n y a d is im p a n d a la m b e n t u k f la t f ile , y a it u
f ile t e k s y a n g a d a p a d a s is t e m o p e r a s i. S a m p a i s e k a r a n g p u n m a s ih a d a a p lik a s i y a n g m e n im p a n d a t a
d a la m b e n t u k f la t s e c a r a la n g s u n g .
K e u n g g u l a n D B M S :
1 . K e p r a k t is a n

14. 2 . K e c e p a t a n
3 . M e n g u r a n g i k e je m u a n
4 . K e k in ia n
5 . M e n g u r a n g i d u p lik a s i d a t a a t a u d a t a r e d u n d a n c y
6 . M e n ja g a k o n s is t e n s i d a n in t e g r it a s d a t a
7 . M e n in g k a t k a n k e a m a n a n d a t a
8 . M e n in g k a t k a n e f f is ie n s i d a n e f f e k t iv it a s p e n g g u n a a n d a t a
9 . M e n in g k a t k a n p r o d u k t iv it a s p a r a p e n g g u n a d a t a
1 0 . M e m u d a h k a n p e n g g u n a d a la m m e n g g a li in f o r m a s i d a r i k u m p u la n d a t a
1 1 . M e n in g k a t k a n p e m e lih a r a a n d a t a m e la lu i in d e p e n d e n s i d a t a
1 2 . M e n in g k a t k a n p e m a k a ia n b e r s a m a d a r i d a t a
1 3 . M e n in g k a t k a n la y a n a n b a c k u p d a n r e c o v e r y d a t a
1 4 . M e n g u r a n g i k o n f lik a n t a r p e n g g u n a d a t a
K e l e m a h a n D B M S a n t a r a l a i n s b b :
1 . M e m e r lu k a n s u a t u s k ill t e r t e n t u u n t u k b is a m e la k u k a n a d m in is t r a s i d a n m a n a je m e n d a t a b a s e a g a r
d a p a t d ip e r o le h s t r u k t u r d a n r e la s i d a t a y a n g o p t im a l
2 . M e m e r lu k a n k a p a s it a s p e n y im p a n a n b a ik e k s t e r n a l ( d is k ) m a u p u n in t e r n a l ( m e m o r y ) a g a r D B M S
d a p a t b e k e r ja c e p a t d a n e f is ie n .
3 . H a r g a D B M S y a n g h a n d a l b ia s a n y a s a n g a t m a h a l
4 . K e b u t u h a n a k a n s u m b e r d a y a ( r e s o u r c e s ) b ia s a n y a c u k u p t in g g i
5 . K o n v e r s i d a r i s is t e m la m a k e s is t e m D B M S t e r k a d a n g s a n g a t m a h a l, d is a m p in g b ia y a p e n g a d a a n
p e r a n g k a t k e r a s d a n p e r a n g k a t lu n a k , d ip e r lu k a n p u la b ia y a p e la t ih a n .
6 . A p a b ila D B M S g a g a l m e n ja la n k a n m is in y a m a k a t in g k a t k e g a g a la n m e n ja d i le b ih t in g g i k a r e n a b a n y a k
p e n g g u n a y a n g b e r g a n t u n g p a d a s is t e m in i.
M a n f a a t d a n K e l e b i h a n D B M S ( S i s t e m M a n a j e m e n B a s i s D a t a )

15. - P e r f o r m a d a la m p e n g o la h a n d a t a s a n g a t b a ik b a h k a n u n t u k m e n g e lo la d a t a y a n g b e r u k u r a n b e s a r
s e k a lip u n . B e b e d a h a ln y a d e n g a n m e t o d e p e n y im p a n a n d a t a d a la m b e n t u k f ile d a n s p r e a d s h e e t , k e d u a
m e t o d e in i h a n y a b is a b e k e r ja o p t im a l a p a b ila d ig u n a k a n u n t u k p e n y im p a n a n d a t a y a n g b e r u k u r a n k e c il.
- I n t e g r it a s d a t a le b ih t e r ja m in d e n g a n p e n g g u n a a n D B M S . D B M S m a m p u m e n c e g a h t e r ja d in y a
r e d u d a n s i d a t a , d im a n a r e d u d a n s i d a t a a d a la h b e r t u m p u k n y a f ile y a n g s a m a d a la m s e b u a h b a s is d a t a .
- D B M S b e r s if a t in d e p e n d e n s i. M a k s u d n y a a d a la h k e t ik a h a r u s d il a k u k a n p e r u b a h a n s t r u k t u r d a t a b a s e
m a k a a p lik a s i a n t a r m u k a t id a k a k a n m e n g a la m i h a l s e r u p a . P e r u b a h a n c u k u p d ila k u k a n p a d a s t r u k t u r
d a t a b a s e n y a s a ja t a n p a h a r u s m e n g u b a h s t r u k t u r d a la m a p lik a s i a n t a r m u k a .
- D B M S b e r s if a t t e r p u s a t ( s e n t r a lis a s i) . M a k s u d n y a a d a la h k e t ik a s e b u a h d a t a b a s e d ig u n a k a n s e c a r a
b e r s a m a - s a m a , m a k a a k a n le b ih m u d a h a p a b ila d a t a b a s e t e r s e b u t d is im p a n p a d a s a t u t e m p a t . D a n
d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n D B M S , h a l t e r s e b u t s a n g a t m e m u n g k in k a n u n t u k d ila k u k a n . B e r b e d a h a ln y a
a p a b ila m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e p e n y im p a n a n b e n t u k f ile d a n s p r e a d s h e e t y a n g h a r u s d is im p a n p a d a
s e t ia p k o m p u t e r y a n g m e m b u t u h k a n a k s e s k e d a t a b a s e t e r s e b u t .
- S is t e m k e a m a n a n d a t a d a la m d a t a b a s e a k a n le b ih t e r ja m in d e n g a n p e n g g u n a a n D B M S . K a r e n a d a la m
D B M S d im u n g k in k a n u n t u k m e la k u k a n p e n g a t u r a n h a k a k s e s k e p a d a m a s in g - m a s in g u s e r .
C o n t o h P r o g r a m D B M S
 M y S Q L
 O r a c le
 F ir e b ir h
 M ic r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r
 F o x p r o 6 . 0 a t a u F o x B a s e
 D B 2
 P a r a d o x
 M ic r o s o f t A c c e s s
D a t a b a s e R e l a t i o n a l
S e b u a h s is t e m m a n a je m e n b a s is d a t a r e la s io n a l a t a u d a la m b a h a s a I n g g r is n y a d ik e n a l s e b a g a i r e la t io n a l
d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m ( R D B M S ) a d a la h s e b u a h p r o g r a m k o m p u t e r ( a t a u s e c a r a le b ih t ip ik a l
a d a la h s e p e r a n g k a t p r o g r a m k o m p u t e r ) y a n g d ir a n c a n g u n t u k m e n g a t u r / m e m a n a je m e n s e b u a h b a s is
d a t a s e b a g a i s e k u m p u la n d a t a y a n g d is im p a n s e c a r a t e r s t r u k t u r , d a n m e la k u k a n o p e r a s i - o p e r a s i a t a s
d a t a a t a s p e r m in t a a n p e n g g u n a n y a .
C o n t o h p e n g g u n a a n D B M S a d a b a n y a k s e k a li d a n d a la m b e r b a g a i b id a n g k e r ja ,
m is a ln y a a k u n t a n s i , m a n a je m e n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s ia , d a n la in s e b a g a in y a . M e s k ip u n p a d a a w a ln y a

16. D B M S h a n y a d im ilik i o le h p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n b e r s k a la b e s a r y a n g m e m ilik i p e r a n g k a t k o m p u t e r
y a n g s e s u a i d e n g a n s p e s if ik a s i s t a n d a r y a n g d ib u t u h k a n ( p a d a s a a t it u s t a n d a r y a n g d im in t a d a p a t
d ik a t a k a n s a n g a t t in g g i) u n t u k m e n d u k u n g ju m la h d a t a y a n g b e s a r , s a a t in i im p le m e n t a s in y a s u d a h
s a n g a t b a n y a k d a n a d a p t a t if d e n g a n k e b u t u h a n s p e s if ik a s i d a t a y a n g r a s io n a l s e h in g g a l d a p a t d im ilik i
d a n d iim p le m e n t a s ik a n o le h s e g a la k a la n g a n s e b a g a i b a g ia n d a r i in v e s t a s i p e r u s a h a a n .
D a t a b a s e R e la s io n a l s e b e n a r n y a a d a la h s u a t u k o n s e p p e n y im p a n a n d a t a t e r s t r u k t u r , s e b e lu m k o n s e p
d a t a b a s e r e la s io n a l m u n c u l s u d a h a d a u d a m o d e l d a t a b a s e y a it u n e t w o r k d a t a b a s e d a n h ie r a r c h ie
d a t a b a s e . T e o r i d a t a b a s e r e la s io n a l d i k e m u k a k a n p e r t a m a k a li o le h D r . E . F . C o d d .
D r . E d g a r F r a n k C o d d a d a la h p e n g e m u k a p e r t a m a k a li t e o r i d a t a b a s e r e la s io n a l.
D a la m d a t a b a s e r e la s io n a l, d a t a d is im p a n d a la m b e n t u k r e la s i a t a u t a b e l d u a d im e n s i, d a n a n t a r a t a b e l
s a t u d e n g a n t a b e l la in n y a t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n a t a u r e la t io n s h ip s e h in g g a d a p a t d i s im p u lk a n , d a t a b a s e
a d a la h k u m p u la n d a r i s e ju m la h t a b e l y a n g s a lin g h u b u n g a n a t a u s a lin g k e t e r k a it a n . K u m p u la n d a r i d a t a
y a n g d io r g a n is a s ik a n s e b a g a i t a b e l t a d i d is im p a n d a la m b e n t u k d a t a e le k t r o n ik d i d a la m h a r d d is k
k o m p u t e r d a n d ik e lo m p o k a n s e c a r a lo g is b e r d a s a r k a n s c h e m a u s e r . B a c a ju g a t e n t a n g S c h e m a u s e r .
U n t u k m e m b u a t s t r u k t u r t a b e l, m e n g is i d a t a k e t a b e l, m e m p e r b a r u i d a t a d a n m e n g h a p u s d a t a d a r i t a b e l
d ip e r lu k a n s o f t w a r e . P e r a n g k a t lu n a k y a n g d ig u n a k a n m e m b u a t t a b e l, is i d a t a , u b a h d a t a , d a n h a p u s
d a t a d is e b u t R e la t io n a l D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m a t a u y a n g b ia s a d i s in g k a t d e n g a n R D B M S .
S e d a n g k a n p e r in t a h y a n g d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e m b u a t t a b e l, m e n g is i t a b e l, m e n g u b a h t a b e l, d a n
m e n g h a p u s d a t a d is e b u t p e r in t a h S Q L ( B a c a : S e q u e l) y a n g m e r u p a k a n s in g k a t a n d a r i S t r u c t u r e Q u e r y
L a n g u a g e . J a d i, s e t ia p a p lik a s i p e r a n g k a t lu n a k R D B M S p a s t i b is a d ip a k a i u n t u k m e n ja la n k a n p e r in t a h
S Q L .
S e b e n a r n y a f u n g s i R D B M S b u k a n c u m a u n t u k b u a t t a b e l, is i d a t a , u b a h d a t a d a n h a p u s d a t a . U n t u k
m a n a je m e n d a t a d a la m s k a la y a n g b e s a r d a n a g a r b is a m e n d u k u n g p r o s e s b is n is y a n g k o n t in y u a t a u
t e r u s m e n e r u s d a n r e a l t im e s u a t u R e la t io n a l D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m d it u n t u t u n t u k m e m p u n y a i

17. k e m a m p u a n m a n a je m e n u s e r d a n k e a m a n a n d a t a y a n g t e r ja m in , m e n c a d a n g k a n d a t a d a n
m e n g e m b a lik a n d a t a s e r t a k e m a m p u a n la in n y a y a n g b e r k a it a n d e n g a n k e c e p a t a n p e m r o s e s a n d a t a .
S e b u a h a p lik a s i p e r a n g k a t lu n a k R D B M S y a n g a d a d i p a s a r a n s a a t in i d a n p a lin g s e r in g d ig u n a k a n a d a la h
O r a c le D a t a b a s e y a n g d i k e lu a r k a n o le h O r a c le C o r p o r a t io n .
P e n g e r t ia n U s e r D a n S c h e m a D a t a b a s e
D a t a b a s e a d a la h s e b u a h t e m p a t p e n y im p a n a n d a t a a t a u b ia s a d is e b u t s e b a g a i o b je k d a t a b a s e . B a n y a k
s e k a li je n is d a r i o b je k d a t a b a s e d i a n t a r a n y a a d a la h t a b e l, in d e x , v ie w d a n s t o r e d p r o c e d u r e . D i la in s is i
d a t a b a s e a d a la h s u a t u “ s a r a n a ” y a n g d i s e d ia k a n s u p a y a b is a d i a k s e s o le h b a n y a k u s e r .
A g a r M e m u d a h k a n p e n g e lo la a n d a t a d a la m s u a t u d a t a b a s e m a k a o b je k - o b je k d a t a b a s e t e r s e b u t d i
k e lo m p o k k a n b e r d a s a r k a n u s e r p e m ilik n y a . P e n g e lo m p o k a n o b je k d a t a b a s e s e c a r a lo g ik a b e r d a s a r k a n
u s e r p e m ilik o b je k in ila h y a n g d i s e b u t s e b a g a i S c h e m a . S c h e m a a u t o m a t is t e r b e n t u k k e t ik a
p e r in t a h C R E A T E U S E R d ie k s e k u s i d a n a k a n d i h a p u s k e t ik a s u a t u u s e r d i - d r o p d e n g a n p e r in t a h D R O P
U S E R . N a m a s c h e m a s a m a d e n g a n n a m a u s e r , ja d i b is a d ik a t a k a n u s e r d a n s c h e m a a d a la h s u a t u h a l
y a n g s a m a .
C o n t o h s e b u a h d a t a b a s e d a la m m o d e l in i d is u s u n d a la m b e n t u k t a b e l d u a d im e n s i y a n g t e r d ir i
d a r i b a r is ( r e c o r d ) d a n k o lo m ( f ie ld ) , p e r t e m u a n a n t a r a b a r is d e n g a n k o lo m d is e b u t it e m
d a t a ( d a t a v a lu e ) , t a b e l - t a b e l y a n g a d a d ih u b u n g k a n ( r e la t io n s h ip ) s e d e m ik ia n r u p a
m e n g g u n a k a n f ie ld - f ie ld k u n c i ( K e y f ie ld ) s e h in g g a d a p a t m e m in im a lk a n d u p lik a s i
d a t a . M o d e l d a t a b a s e r e la s i in i d ik e m u k a k a n p e r t a m a k a li o le h E . F . C o d d , s a la h s e o r a n g
p a k a r d a la m b id a n g d a t a b a s e . S e r in g ju g a m o d e l in i d is e b u t D a t a b a s e r e la s i.
F I L E , R E C O R D , B Y T E , F I E L D D A N B Y T E
A . F I L E
F ile a d a la h k u m p u la n b e r b a g a i in f o r m a s i y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d a n ju g a t e r s im p a n d i d a la m s e c o n d a r y
s t o r a g e , s e c a r a k o n s e p f ile m e m ilik i b e b e r a p a t ip e a d a y a n g b e r t ip e D a t a t e r d ir i d a r i n u m e r ic , c h a r a c t e r
d a n b in a r y . L a lu a d a ju g a f ile y a n g b e r t ip e p r o g r a m . A t a u D e f in is i f ile a d a la h a r s ip a t a u p u n d a t a y a n g
t e r s im p a n d i d a la m k o m p u t e r .
F ile d i k o m p u t e r p a d a u m u m n y a d is im p a n d i d a la m s u a t u f o ld e r t e r t e n t u t e r g a n t u n g s i p e m ilik
k o m p u t e r t e r s e b u t in g in d im a n a ia m e n y im p a n n y a , s e t ia p f ile m e m ilik i e k s t e n s i m a s in g - m a s in g
t e r g a n t u n g je n is f ile it u s e n d ir i. E k s t e n s i f ile a d a la h s e b a g a i t a n d a y a n g m e m b e d a k a n je n is - je n is d a r i f ile .
C o n t o h d a n j e n i s f i l e s e r t a e k s t e n s i n y a
B e r ik u t in i c o n t o h je n is f ile d a n m a c a m - m a c a m e k s t e n s in y a :

18. S y s t e m = s y s , c o m , b a k , b a t , t m p , d a n e x e .
V id e o = a v i, K V , m p g , m p e g , w m v , 3 g p , d a n f lv .
D o k u m e n = h t m l, d o c , o d t , x ls , o d s , d a n p d f .
S u a r a = w a v , r m , m p 3 , d a n m id i.
G a m b a r = jp e g , jp g , g if , p n g t if d a n t if f .
D a n la in - la in .
B . R E C O R D
R e c o r d a d a la h k u m p u la n f ie ld y a n g s a n g a t le n g k a p , d a n b ia s a n y a d ih it u n g d a la m s a t u a n b a r is . T a b e l
a d a la h m e r u p a k a n k u m p u la n d a r i b e b e r a p a r e c o r d d a n ju g a f ie ld . F ile a d a la h t e r d ir i d a r i r e c o r d - r e c o r d
y a n g m e n g g a m b a r k a n d a r i s a t u k e s a t u a n d a t a y a n g s e je n is . M is a ln y a s e p e r t i f ile n a m a b a r a n g b e r is ik a n
d a t a t e n t a n g s e m u a n a m a b a r a n g y a n g a d a . D a t a a d a la h k u m p u la n f a k t a a t a u k e ja d ia n y a n g d ig u n a k a n
s e b a g a i p e n y e le s a ia n m a s a la h d a la m b e n t u k in f o r m a s i. P e n g e r t ia n b a s is d a t a ( d a t a b a s e ) a d a la h b a s is
d a t a y a n g t e r d ir i d a r i d u a k a t a , y a it u k a t a b a s is d a n d a t a . B a s is d a p a t d i a r t ik a n m a r k a s a t a u p u n g u d a n g ,
m a u p u n t e m p a t b e r k u m p u l.
C o n t o h R e c o r d :

19. C . B Y T E
B y t e a d a la h b a g ia n t e r k e c il y a n g d a p a t d ia la m a t k a n d a la m m e m o r i. B y t e m e r u p a k a n
s e k u m p u la n b it y a n g s e c a r a k o n v e n s io n a l t e r d ir i a t a s k o m b in a s i d e la p a n b it . S a t u b y t e d ig u n a k a n u n t u k
m e n g k o d e k a n s a t u b u a h k a r a k t e r d a la m m e m o r i.
C o n t o h : K o d e A s c ii u n t u k J ia la h 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 . J a d i b y t e a d a la h k u m p u la n b it y a n g m e m b e n t u k s a t u
k a r a k t e r ( h u r u f , a n g k a , a t a u t a n d a ) . D e n g a n k o m b in a s i 8 b it , d a p a t d ip e r o le h 2 5 6 k a r a k t e r ( = 2 p a n g k a t
8 ) .
D . F I E L D
F ie ld a d a la h k u m p u la n d a r i k a r a k t e r y a n g m e m b e n t u k s a t u a r t i, m a k a jik a t e r d a p a t f ie ld m is a ln y a s e p e r t i
N o m e r B a r a n g a t a u N a m a B a r a n g , m a k a y a n g d ip a p a r k a n d a la m f ie ld t e r s e b u t h a r u s y a n g b e r k a it a n
d e n g a n n o m e r b a r a n g d a n n a m a b a r a n g . A t a u d e f in is i f ie ld y a n g la in n y a y a it u t e m p a t a t a u k o lo m y a n g
t e r d a p a t d a la m s u a t u t a b le u n t u k m e n g is ik a n n a m a - n a m a ( d a t a ) f ie ld y a n g a k a n d i is ik a n .
C o n t o h f ie ld
E . B I T
B it a d a la h s u a t u s is t e m a n g k a b in e r y a n g t e r d ir i a t a s d u a m a c a m n ila i s a ja , y a it u 0 d a n 1 . S is t e m a n g k a
b in e r m e r u p a k a n d a s a r d a s a r y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n u n t u k k o m u n ik a s i a n t a r a m a n u s ia d a n m e s in
( k o m p u t e r ) y a n g m e r u p a k a n s e k u m p u la n k o m p o n e n e le k t r o n ik d a n h a n y a d a p a t m e m b e d a k a n d u a
k e a d a a n s a ja ( o n d a n o f f ) . J a d i b it a d a la h u n it t e r k e c il d a r i p e m b e n t u k d a t a .
C o n t o h , u n t u k m e n y im p a n s a t u k a r a k t e r h u r u f a t a u a n g k a m a k a d ib u t u h k a n 8 b it ( 1 B y t e ) . S e b a g a i
c o n t o h a n g k a " 0 " m a k a d in y a t a k a n " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 " d a la m b in e r , " 1 " = " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 , " 2 " = " 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 " , " A " =

20. " 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 " , " a " = " 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 " d a n la in s e b a g a in y a . J ik a d is u s u n u la n g k o d e o k t a l t e r s e b u t m a k a 1 B y t e
m a m p u m e n g h a s ilk a n 2 5 6 k o m b in a s i y a n g u n ik u n t u k m e w a k ili h u r u f , a n g k a , k a r a k t e r k h u s u s , d a n
s im b o l- s im b o l.
D A F T A R P U S T A K A :
M a c le o d R a y m o n d , 2 0 0 1 , ’ M a n a g e m e n t I n f o r m a t io n S y s t e m ’ , P r e n t ic e H a ll, N e w J e r s e y .
P r o f . D r . H a p z i, M M , “ F o r u m S u m b e r D a y a K o m p u t a s i d a n K o m u n ik a s i”
t h e s is . b in u s . a c . id / d o c / B a b 4 / 2 0 0 6 - 2 - 0 0 9 9 4 - M N S I - B a b % 2 0 4 . p d f
h t t p : / / a t a r a s h i9 4 . b lo g s p o t . c o . id / 2 0 1 1 / 1 0 / c o n t o h - m o d e l- d a t a b a s e -r e la s i- r e la t io n a l. h t m l
h t t p s : / / id . w ik ip e d ia . o r g / w ik i/ S is t e m _ m a n a je m e n _ b a s is _ d a t a _ r e la s io n a l
h t t p s : / / a y o o in d o n e s ia . w o r d p r e s s . c o m / 2 0 1 5 / 0 4 / 1 2 / p e n g e r t ia n - d a t a b a s e - r e la s io n a l/