PowerPoint covering part of the topic Organisation, from the new 2016 AQA combined science specification

1. Info from WHO
Noncommunicable - or chronic - diseases are diseases of
long duration and generally slow progression. The four
main types of noncommunicable diseases are
cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke),
cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic
obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.
Noncommunicable diseases, or NCDs, are by far the
leading cause of death in the world, representing 63% of all
annual deaths. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill
more than 36 million people each year. Some 80% of all
NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.

2. AQA ORGANISATION
4.2.2.4 Coronary Heart
Disease

3. Coronary Heart disease LOs
• Describe how arteries narrow in coronary heart disease
• Explain the impacts of narrowing arteries
• Explain how a stent works
• Explain what statins do
• Understand what a faulty valve is, and the problems it leads to
• Give medical solutions for a faulty valve
• Know what a heart, or a heart and lung transplant may be needed.
• Know why an artificial heart may be required.
• Evaluate methods of treatments for cardiovascular disease

4. Key words• Artery
• Coronary
• Oxygen
• Cholesterol
• Statins
• Stent
• Valve
• Biological
• Mechanical
• Transplant
1. Use a dictionary
to find out the
meanings of
these key words.
2. Write a short
simple meaning
for each word.

5. What is coronary heart
disease?
• CHD is a non-
communicable
disease.
• It can involve
narrowing of
arteries and faulty
valves.

6. Narrowing arteries

7. Narrowing arteries
• Layers of fatty tissue builds up
inside coronary arteries
• This narrows the arteries
• Blood flow is reduces
• There is a lack of oxygen getting
to the heart muscle
• This can lead to a heart attack

8. Narrowing arteries

9. Stents
• A stent keeps coronary arteries open

10. Stents are made of nitinol (a smart
alloy of titanium and nickel)
How is
nitinol
smart?

11. Statins
• Statins are widely used
drugs
• They reduce blood
cholesterol levels
• They slow down the rate of
fatty material deposits
• They reduce the risk of
narrowing arteries

12. Faulty heart valves
• A faulty heart
valve is one
that might not
fully open
• or it might have
developed a
leak

13. Faulty heart valves

14. Solutions for a faulty heart
valve
• Replace the faulty
valve with a
biological valve
• Replace with a
mechanical
device

15. Solutions for a faulty heart
valve

16. Which valve is best?

17. Heart failure
• A heart
transplant is
required
• or a heart and
lung transplant
is needed.

18. A heart transplant

19. Heart and lung transplant

20. An artificial heart
• Maybe required to keep a patient
alive whilst waiting for a
transplant
• Or may allow the heart to rest as
an aid to recovery

21. Evaluating treatment methods
for cardiovascular disease
Valve type Advantages Disadvantages
Biological
Mechanical

22. Evaluating treatment methods
for cardiovascular disease
Heart type Advantages Disadvantages
Heart
transplant
Artificial heart