Vaginal swabs.pptx
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This document discusses vaginal swabs and vaginal discharge. It notes that physiological vaginal discharge is usually white and increases during ovulation, pregnancy, and with oral contraceptive use. Pathological vaginal discharge can be caused by conditions like candidal infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, cervical ectropion, and various cancers. The document outlines the procedures for collecting vaginal, endocervical, and rectal swabs, including pre-procedure preparation, the collection process, and post-procedure steps.
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Placenta previa occurs when the placenta is located low in the uterus, covering or near the cervical opening. There are four degrees of placenta previa based on how much of the cervical os is covered. Risk factors include cesarean delivery, uterine surgery, multiple gestations, advanced maternal age, and multiple pregnancies. Symptoms include painless third trimester bleeding. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery and can cause bleeding, back pain, and contractions. Risk factors include hypertension, cocaine use, smoking, and prior abruption. Management depends on gestational age and degree of maternal and fetal compromise.
Endometriosis.pptx
Endometriosis is a common disease in women characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic peritoneum. While the exact cause is unknown, retrograde menstruation is a leading theory. Symptoms include severe menstrual pain, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, ultrasound, and laparoscopy. Treatment options include surgical removal of endometrial growths, hormonal therapy to induce menopause-like symptoms, and medications like oral contraceptives or Lupron to suppress menstruation. Recurrence is common but symptoms often improve after pregnancy or menopause.
lecture 4-Anesthesia and analgesia in obstetrics.ppt
John Snow popularized the use of pain relief during labor by administering chloroform to Queen Victoria for the birth of her eighth child. Labor and delivery result in severe pain that is greater than a fractured arm or cancer pain. Only two conditions are more painful than labor. It is important to have an anesthesiologist dedicated to pain management during labor and delivery to safely provide pain relief options. Epidural analgesia provides the best pain relief for labor but other options like intravenous opioids, nitrous oxide, and regional nerve blocks are available depending on the specific situation.
CONTRACEPTION PPT .pptx
Contraception refers to preventing pregnancy through various methods. There are temporary and permanent contraceptive options. Temporary options include barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like pills and implants, and intrauterine devices. Permanent sterilization methods are vasectomy for men and tubal ligation for women. An ideal contraceptive is safe, inexpensive, reversible, simple to use with few side effects and prevents sexually transmitted diseases. The presentation reviewed the different contraceptive methods and their effectiveness.
Prolapse of the uterus.pptx
Uterine prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments weaken, causing the uterus to descend into the vagina. It is common in post-menopausal women with a history of vaginal childbirth. Symptoms include feeling a bulge in the vagina, urinary incontinence, and pressure or pain in the pelvis. Management options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries to support the uterus, and surgical procedures to repair damaged tissues or remove the uterus.
menstrual cycle [Autosaved]-2 (5).pptx
The menstrual cycle is governed by hormonal changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It involves the ovarian cycle of follicle development and ovulation, as well as the uterine cycle of proliferation, secretion, and menstruation. The average cycle is 28 days, but can range from 21-45 days. Menarche typically occurs between ages 12-15, while menopause usually occurs between ages 45-55. Fertility is highest around the time of ovulation in the middle of the cycle. The cycle is controlled by hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH to regulate follicle development, ovulation, and preparation of the uterus for potential implantation.
endometriozis (2).pptx
Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, often resulting in pelvic pain and infertility. Key points:
- It is most common in women of reproductive age and is characterized by dysfunctional uterine tissue implants in the pelvis that cause pain, especially during periods.
- Diagnosis requires laparoscopy to visualize the implants. Treatment depends on severity and reproductive plans, and may include expectant care, hormonal therapies like oral contraceptives to induce pseudopregnancy, or surgery to remove implants and adhesions.
- Hormonal therapies aim to suppress menstruation and the ectopic endometrial tissue through continuous combination estrogen-progestin pills,
Cervical uterine smear (pap smear).pptx
A cervical smear test involves scraping cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope. The cervix is the entrance to the uterus from the vagina. A smear aims to collect cells from the transformation zone where changes may occur. It is best done mid-cycle for accuracy, not during pregnancy or immediately after giving birth. Screening is recommended annually for women 25-64 to check for any abnormal cell changes, though it does not diagnose cancer. Equipment used includes a speculum to hold the vagina open, wooden spatulas or brooms to scrape the cervix, and sometimes an endocervical brush.
Leopold manuver.pptx
The Leopold maneuvers are a series of abdominal palpation techniques used to determine the position, presentation, and engagement of the fetus in the uterus. The maneuvers, developed by German obstetrician Christian Gerhard Leopold, involve four classical palpations of the gravid uterus to assess the fetal lie, presentation, position, and attitude. By systematically feeling the abdomen, the maneuvers answer questions about which fetal part occupies the fundus, fetal back position, presenting part at the pelvis, and location of the fetal head.
Bimanual examination.pptx
A bimanual vaginal examination involves inspecting and palpating the external genitalia, vagina, uterus, and adnexa. The provider explains the procedure to the patient, ensures consent, and positions the patient with their knees fallen to the sides. Using lubricant, the provider inserts two fingers to palpate the vaginal walls, cervix, fornices, and performs a bimanual exam to assess the size, shape, position, and tenderness of the uterus. Both adnexa are also palpated for masses before completing the exam.
Enema administration. Suppository administration. Digital rectal examination....
This document discusses procedures related to the rectum, including enemas, suppositories, and digital rectal examinations. It defines each procedure and lists their indications and contraindications. For enemas, it describes the essential equipment needed and provides steps for administration. Suppository administration is similarly outlined, including lubricating and inserting the suppository. A digital rectal exam is defined as inserting a lubricated gloved finger into the rectum to assess factors like anal tone. Equipment for a digital exam and steps for performing one are provided. Sources from The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedure are cited.
Bimanual examination.pptx
A bimanual vaginal examination involves inspecting and palpating the external genitalia, vagina, uterus, and adnexa. The provider explains the procedure to the patient, ensures consent, and positions the patient with their knees fallen to the sides. Using lubricant, the provider inserts two fingers to palpate the vaginal walls, cervix, fornices, and performs a bimanual exam to assess the size, shape, position, and tenderness of the uterus. Both adnexa are also palpated for masses before completing the exam.
Mais de TeonaMacharashvili (18)
lecture 4-Anesthesia and analgesia in obstetrics.ppt
lecture 4-Anesthesia and analgesia in obstetrics.ppt
Enema administration. Suppository administration. Digital rectal examination....
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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Vaginal swabs.pptx
- 2. Result mainly from cervical secretion in response to hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle there is increased mucous production from the cervix at the time of ovulation . Physiological discharge usually white Physiological discharge increase during pregnancy and oral contraceptive users. CAUSES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE
- 3. Causes of pathological vaginal discharge 1. Candidal infection 2. Bacterial vaginosis 3. Trichomonas 4. N. gonorrhea 5. Chlamydia 6. Cervical ectropin 7. Endometrial cancer 8. Cervical cancer 9. Vaginal cancer 10. Foreign body, IUD, vaginal ring
- 4. Vulvar itching White cheesy vaginal discharge that adheres to vaginal wall Superficial dyspareunia and dysuria. Vulval oedema, vulval excoriation, redness and erythema. Normal vaginal pH. The main sign and symptoms
- 5. PRE-PROCEDURE: Consultation (medical history, explain procedure & counsel) Gain consent & offer a chaperone. Prepare: Empty bladder, provide privacy, dorsal position, position light, attend hand hygiene & apply gloves / eye protection
- 6. PROCEDURE Inspect the labia, external meatus & vulva; Insert speculum High Vaginal Swab(HVS): Swab, make smear on glass slide & place in charcoal medium. Endo Cervical Swab(ECS): Pap smear first (if required), then clean mucous from cervix & take ECS PCR swab & place in tube. If pus/ inflammation of cervix, take ECS for culture, smear on glass slide & place in charcoal medium
- 7. Low Vaginal Swab & Rectal swab(LVS): May be self-obtained by the woman if asymptomatic. LVS: Insert swab 1-2 cm into vagina & place into transport tube (use charcoal medium tube for culture & a separate thin plastic/ wire shaft swab if PCR). Rectal: Around/inside rectum just past external sphincter & place into charcoal tube.
- 9. POST PROCEDURE Provide privacy for redressing. Offer tissues as required. Document: Procedure, consent, persons attending examination (e.g. chaperone, family), swab details (swab site, date, time, patient details- but sticker or hand write on glass slides) Send specimens to pathology
- 10. Thank you for attention