This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychoanalytic therapy. It discusses Sigmund Freud and the development of psychoanalysis. Some main points covered include: - Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and concepts like the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages of development, and the id, ego, and superego. - Psychoanalytic therapy aims to make the unconscious conscious to understand conflicts and gain insight. Techniques include free association, dream analysis, and analysis of transference. - The therapeutic relationship and transference are important, as are maintaining the analytic framework and using interpretation of unconscious material. - Both the client's experience undergoing long-term therapy and the therapist's role of listening

1. Psychoanalytic
Therapy

2. IntroductionandKey
Concepts
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3. Introduction
Among other theories on Human Behavior developed by well known pillars in the
field of Psychology, Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, stands up even until
today, as one of the most controversial, as it included terms and concept on sex, the
unconscious and the interpretation of dreams.
The theory nonetheless, had provided a wide breeding ground for developing other
kinds of theories that aim to understand human behavior. Such as Carl Jung’s own
mix of Analytical Psychology, and Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development,
a more ‘toned down’ and a greater supplement to Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of
Development

4. Introduction
In terms of contemporary psychotherapy, the practice of Psychoanalysis
had radically changed and properly organized into a more ‘less sensitive’
method to treat psychological disorders. By making use of different
techniques to conquer the incongruence of the personality from the
unconscious. Psychoanalysis proves to be one of the more useful
techniques when it comes to handling internal psychological conflicts that
can alter the person’s perception of reality.

5. Sigmund Freud
The proprietor and the original initiator of the Psychoanalytic
approach on Human Behavior. Eldest among 8 children, Freud was
well known for his utter devotion to devoting and expanding the
borders of his theory.
With the stresses, psychosomatic occurrences, and paranoia about
dying that he experienced in his early 40’s led him to discover new
ways to understanding how and why people behave the way they
do. He had eventually overcome his stresses and then began
devoting the remaining years of his life developing the
Psychoanalytic approach to discover the unconscious that affects a
person’s behavior

6. SigmundFreud
Freud was known to be very creative and productive on his
work. He was very dedicated to his theory, and had very
little tolerance to persons who had thought otherwise or
critiqued his school of thought. Because of this, he
dismissed two of his closest colleagues, Carl Jung and Alfred
Adler, who had disagreed on Freud’s views, and created
their own theories stemming from Freud’s Work.
Sigmund Freud died in September 1939 due to an
inoperable cancer of the jaw.

7. KeyConcepts
It’s General Psychology all over again.

8. The View of Human Nature
In most cases on his work on Psychoanalysis, Freud has drawn a
clear line on two things concerning Human Nature.

9. Human nature is “Purely
Deterministic”
Simply put, Human Nature “Happens because it happens”, there is no
point in time in where we “call the shots” (or having control over our
behavior) because according to Freud, our behavior is determined by
Irrational forces, unconscious motivations and biological & instinctual
drives that are stemmed from repressed childhood memories or
experiences that hold a certain degree of impact to our lives.

10. “Instincts” are essential to the Psychoanalytic
Approach
Instincts are actively displayed in times of survival. Leaning towards
growth, development and creativity. Freud originally termed this as
“Libido”, comprising of sexual energy, but then broadened the term to
“Life Instincts”, where all ‘pleasurable’ acts serves as a person’s goal in life
to simply gain pleasure and avoid pain.

11. “Instincts” cont.
Freud also came up with another type of instinct called the “Death
Instinct”, mostly responsible for the aggressive drive where at times some
persons manifest through their behavior, an unconscious wish to die, or to
hurt themselves or to hurt others.
All in all, both Life and Death instincts are powerful determinants to why
people act the way they do.

12. The Structure of
Personality
Well known and commonly taught in the annals of
the theory of Psychoanalysis. The theory illustrates
the personality consists of three specific and
distinct systems: the Id, the Ego, and the
Superego.
Bear in mind that the three systems don’t function
as three separate entities, but as one whole inter-
dependent system.

13. The Id
The Id is considered as the primary and original
system of personality, the source of psychic energy,
and the seat of instincts. It lacks organization, is blind,
and very insistent. It cannot tolerate tension, and
once it does feel tension, it functions to immediately
discharge it. Having ruled by the Pleasure Principle, it
always aims to avoid pain and gain pleasure.

14. The Ego
Known as the “Traffic
Cop”, it has it’s touch
with reality, controls
consciousness and
exercises censorship.
It formulates rational and
logical decisions and
plans for satisfying
needs.
Another duty of the
Ego is to keep in check,
and balance the
demands of the
pleasure-seeking and
unorganized Id, and of
the perfectionist-
centered and radical
moral objectives of the
Superego

15. The Superego
The Judicial Branch of the three. Comprised of an
individual’s moral conduct and the concept of right and
what’s wrong given from earlier life experiences and the
cultural mores given from the environment. The Superego
holds the Moralistic Principle. It strives to inhibit the Id and
seeking to be “Perfect” by persuading the ego to replace
it’s realistic goals for the more “perfectionist” ones.

16. Consciousness & The Unconscious
he unconscious can be compared to an Iceberg. The conscious can be on the tip of it,
ut underneath sea level is a massive body of the unconscious, where, according to
eud, is where psychological functioning exists. Experience, memories, repressed
aterial, as well as needs or motivations that are out of awareness and control.
onsidered as one of the primary concepts to understand Human behavior. It cannot be
ormally studied under ordinary means, but it can mostly be inferred from a person’s
ehavior. From Freud’s work and clinical evidences, there are six concepts that are
elieved to be part of the unconscious

17. Things:
Dreams – Symbolic representations of Unconscious needs, wishes, and
conflicts.
Slips of the tongue
Post hypnotic suggestions
Material derived from free-association
Material derived from projective techniques
Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms

18. What does the Unconscious relate to
Psychoanalytic Therapy?
Internal psychological conflicts are not easily tackled as it is repressed
deep within the bowels of the unconscious. Because of this, one of
the main goals of the Psychoanalytic Therapy is to make the
unconscious motives conscious, as this will be the only time where
the individual can understand the role of the unconscious, as well as
exercise choice.
The unconscious is at the root of all forms of neurotic symptoms and
behavior. The “cure” is based on how one uncovers the meaning of
symptoms, causes of behavior and repressed materials that interfere
with healthy functioning

19. Anxiety
Also known as the feeling of “Dread” that results from
repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that
emerge to the surface of awareness. Anxiety usually
develops out of a conflict among the Id, Ego, and Superego
over control of the available psychic energy.

20. There are 3 kinds of Anxiety
1. Reality Anxiety. Simply put- it is the fear of danger from the external
world
2. Neurotic Anxiety. The fear that the impulses may cause someone to do
something where the person will be punished.
3. Moral Anxiety. The fear of one’s own conscience. If a person does
something contrary to their moral code, they usually feel bad and
guilt-ridden of what they have done

21. Ego Defense Mechanisms
For the individual to cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from
being overwhelmed, self-defense mechanisms are used. These
mechanisms that are employed depends on how well the
individual is develop, and the level of anxiety. Defenses have 2
things in common: (1) They either deny or distort reality and (2)
They operate on the preconscious/unconscious level.

22. Defense Mechanisms
1. Repression – A process of removing something from awareness
and consciousness. Burying it deep within unconsciousness.
2. Denial – “Closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a threatening
stimuli. It is where the individual “distorts” what the individual
thinks, feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation.
3. Reaction Formation – Actively expressing the opposite impulse
when confronted with a threatening impulse.
4. Projection - Attributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires
and impulses.

23. Defense Mechanisms
5. Displacement - Directing energy toward another object or person
when the original object or person is inaccessible.
6. Rationalization - Manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a
bruised ego.
7. Sublimation - Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other
channels.
8. Regression - Going back to an earlier phase of development when
there were fewer demands.

24. Defense Mechanisms
9. Introjection - Taking in and “swallowing” the values and standards
of others.
10. Identification - Identifying with successful causes, organizations,
or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.
11. Compensation - Masking perceived weaknesses or developing
certain positive traits to make up for limitations.

25. The Psychosexual Stages of Development
Freud had come up with five stages of development. When a child’s
needs are not adequately met during these stages of development,
an individual may become fixated at that stage and behave in
psychologically immature ways later on in life.

26. The Psychosexual Stages of Development
The Oral Stage
The Anal Stage
The Phallic Stage
The Latency Stage
The Genital Stage

27. Counseling Implications
When applied in psychotherapy, Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of
development alone may cause difficulty to the client to actually recall
repressed memories, more so on the person’s childhood, Erikson’s
Psychosocial Stages can prove useful on later stages, but may require a
more deeper approach to explain fixation and behaviors expressed by the
unconscious, but by combining both theories can help counselors tackle
both issues.
While the theory gives implications on the client’s childhood and
adolescent stages that can affect later development, counselors can also
help the client realize that later development have their own crises as well.
Two birds with one stone.

28. PartII
The Therapeutic
Process

29. Overview
Psychoanalytic therapy typically uses methods to bring unconscious
material out in the open. It’s main focus is leaned toward the
development of the individual in the earlier years, where experiences
are discussed, reconstructed, interpreted, and analyzed. With the
help of transference relationship with the therapist, both client and
therapist explores the past of the client, which will then, lead to
character change. The primary tools of the trade of the
Psychoanalytic Therapy is the analytic framework, free association,
interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of
transference.

30. Therapeutic Goals
There are two basic goals when applying Psychoanalytic Therapy.
These are:
1) To make unconscious motives conscious, and;
2) To strengthen the Ego to be more aligned with reality and
lessen dependence on the instinctual cravings of the Id or the
irrational guilt provided by the Superego.

31. The Therapist’s Function and Role
 Therapists usually assume an anonymous kind of role, also known as the
“Blank-Screen Approach”, where they limit self-disclosure that will then
promote a ‘transference relationship’ with the client, where the client
will pour projections, where, according to Luborsky, et.al (2008) “refers
to the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship
to other important people in a person’s present environment”.
 In terms of functions, one of the central functions of the therapist is to
assist the client acquire the freedom to love, work, and play, achieving
self-awareness, honesty, dealing with anxiety realistically. In order to do
this, the therapist must first create a working relationship and do the
task of listening and interpreting.

32. The Therapist’s Function and Role
Particular attention is given to the client’s resistances. The analyst listens,
learns, and decides when to make appropriate interpretations of the
gathered unconscious material from the client through listening, and
inferred reports from Free Association and other techniques.
With the gathered unconscious material, it is then, the therapist’s role to
properly organize the material to properly formulate the nature of the
client’s problem, and then have it interpreted to them, so as to give proper
insight, increase their awareness to change, and thus leading them to
having better control’s over their lives.

33. Summary
The process of psychoanalytic therapy is somewhat like putting
the pieces of a puzzle together. Whether clients change depends
considerably more on their readiness to change than on the
accuracy of the therapist’s interpretations. If the therapist pushes
the client too rapidly or offers ill-timed interpretations, therapy
will not be effective. Change occurs through the process of
reworking old patterns so that clients might become freer to act
in new ways. (Luborsky et al., 2008).

34. The Client’s Experience
In the classical approach to Psychoanalysis, Clients must commit
themselves to long and intensive psychotherapy. Face-to-Face sessions
with the therapist will be the starting point in initiating a relationship with
the client, and from there, clients will be then be instructed to lie down on
a couch and actively engage Free Association, that is, to say your inward
thoughts without censorship.
Clients must also be in a commitment with the therapist and that they
must stick with the procedures of the therapy.
Clients are not recommended to make any ‘radical’ changes in lifestyle
while undergoing therapy.

35. Summary
A successful analysis answers a client’s “why” questions regarding
his or her life. Clients who emerge successfully from analytic
therapy report that they have achieved such things as an
understanding of their symptoms and the functions they serve,
an insight into how their environment affects them and how they
affect the environment, and reduced defensiveness (Saretsky,
1978).

36. The Relationship between the Client
and Therapist
There can be two kinds of therapists that can be seen in a typical
psychoanalytic therapy session: The Classic Analyst, and the Current
Relational Analyst
The Classic Analyst mostly stands outside the relationship, sometimes
gives comments, and provides interpretation to the client. The Current
Relational Analyst is not ‘detached’ from clients, rather, they are more
focused on the here-and-now interaction with the client, and they find it
more useful in creating rapport and gathering background information
from the client.

37. The Relationship between the Client
and Therapist
Therapists and clients mostly hold a transference relationship.
Transference, again, is the resurfacing of old experiences that were
reactions from significant people from repressed memory and having
them shifted to the therapist.
Clients and therapists go through a working-through process, where they
both tackle unconscious material and defenses.
Therapists must be well aware of Countertransference where in the
therapist’s own unconscious conflict comes out and projects them into the
client. Not call countertransference feelings are bad, but other cases may
seem beneficial to both client and therapist.

38. Summary
The client–therapist relationship is of vital importance in
psychoanalytic therapy. As a result of this relationship,
particularly in working through the transference situation, clients
acquire insights into the workings of their unconscious process.
Awareness of and insights into repressed material are the bases
of the analytic growth process. Clients come to understand the
association between their past experiences and their current
behavior. The psychoanalytic approach assumes that without this
dynamic self-understanding there can be no substantial
personality change or resolution of present conflicts.

39. TheTherapeuticProcess
Application: Therapeutic
Techniques and
Procedures

40. Overview
The techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are aimed at
increasing awareness, providing insight to the client’s
behavior, and understanding the meanings of symptoms.
The therapy proceeds from the client’s talk to catharsis
(or expression of emotion) to insight to working through
unconscious material. This work is done to attain the goals
of intellectual and emotional understanding and
reeducation, which then leads to personality change.

41. Psychoanalysis - Psychodynamics
As opposed from the classic Psychoanalysis, psychoanalytically oriented therapists
mostly adapt with the Psychodynamic therapy which includes these features:
• The therapy is geared more to limited objectives than to restructuring one’s
personality.
• The therapist is less likely to use the couch.
• There are fewer sessions each week.
• There is more frequent use of supportive interventions—such as reassurance,
expressions of empathy and support, and suggestions—and more self-disclosure by the
therapist.
• The focus is more on pressing practical concerns than on working with fantasy
material.

42. Maintaining the Analytic Framework
Like a systematic process on how students follow their class
schedules, Analysts must keep in mind in maintaining the
framework as it will provide proper guidance and a planned
course for achieving the goals of the therapy. The framework
includes a wide variety of procedures and styles on clients,
ranging from the amount of disclosure and anonymity of the
therapist to the consistency of meetings, etc.

43. Free Association
A central technique used in psychoanalysis. This is where the
client, without censorship, will be encouraged to say whatever is
on their mind. The therapist will sit by and listen well on what the
client says, listening for significant resistances which may mean
that there are anxiety-arousing material or surfaced unconscious
material which will lead to discovering the ‘root’ problem.

44. Interpretation
A technique where therapists use to explain, point out, and even
teach the meaning of gathered unconscious material, free
association themes, manifests of dreams, and even the
relationship of the client and therapists. Interpretation is the
main line of communication for the clients to understand their
unconscious and help their ego assimilate the material to help
them further progress into uncovering more unconscious
material.

45. Dream Analysis
Freud describes dreams as “The Royal Road To Unconsciousness”.
While asleep, the person’s defenses are lowered, and repressed
feelings and emotions arise in dreams. Material in dreams may
show a person’s unconscious needs, wishes and fears. Clients are
asked to ‘describe’ the Manifest Content of their dreams, and
then through Free Association, the therapist then helps and finds
the client’s associations with the manifest content to uncover the
latent content.

46. Analysis and Interpretation of
Resistance
This technique identifies the client’s restriction, refusal, and
reluctance to bring surface of awareness any unconscious
material that is repressed. Resistance of any kind coming from
Free Association gets into the way of the progress, and through
interpretation, the therapist should make it clear to the client that
he/she is to unbar any restrictions, as he/she has to confront the
problem in reality than keeping it repressed.

47. Analysis and Interpretation of
Transference
Being one of the major cornerstones in Psychoanalytic therapy, it
is important that the therapist analyze and properly interpret the
transference relationship they hold. This holds one of the crucial
solutions for the client to understand what exactly made them
fixated and deep-rooted on such anxiety. Transference, again, is
where the client will re-experience the emotions felt back at the
repressed experience, and will put the therapist as the person
who would be there experiencing and reacting to the client’s re-
enactment.

48. TheTherapeuticProcess
Last Leg: The Modern
Psychoanalytic Therapy, Limits
and Critiques on the Therapy

49. The Modern Psychoanalytic Therapy
With the world changing in an ever-rapid pace, people with psychological problems
also trend in areas such as separation and individuation, intimacy, dependence versus
independence, and identity have cause many present-day therapists to make
alterations to the psychoanalytic approach and are more on the development of the
ego, are paying attention to the social and cultural factors that influence the
differentiation of an individual from others, and are giving new meaning to the
relational dimensions of therapy.
Marmor (1997), a therapist, demonstrates an openness toward integrating various
methods: “I try to avoid putting every patient on a Procrustean bed of a singular
therapeutic method but rather adapt my approach to the patient’s own unique needs”

50. The Modern Psychoanalytic Therapy
Although contemporary psychodynamic forms diverge
considerably in many respects from the original Freudian
emphasis on drives, the basic Freudian concepts of unconscious
motivation, the influence of early development, transference,
countertransference, and resistance are still central to the newer
modifications. These concepts are of major importance in
therapy and can be incorporated into therapeutic practices based
on various theoretical approaches.

51. The Limitations and Critique of the
Psychoanalytic Therapy
In general, considering factors such as time, expense, and availability of
trained psychoanalytic therapists, the practical applications of many
psychoanalytic techniques are limited
Commitments to such therapy takes a long time to accomplish an analytic
goal.
The anonymous role of the Therapist while applying therapy.
Clashes and issues with feminist psychology
Psychoanalysis and it’s therapy is now recently criticized over it’s
irrelevance to contemporary culture.

52. Thanks for listening!