Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It is caused by the yellow fever virus and primarily spreads through the bites of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The disease was originally found in Africa and was spread to the Americas via the slave trade. Symptoms include fever, chills, nausea and jaundice in some cases. There is no specific treatment, but supportive care can improve outcomes. Vaccination is the most important prevention method against yellow fever.

1. Tashfeen Ahmad (GM-4)

2. PresentedTo:
SirDomashovIliya
Presented To: Prof. Domashov Iliya

3. • Presented By : Tashfeen Ahmad
• Group :GM_4 (2019)
• AUFM

4. Contents
• History
• causes
• symptoms,
• conditions of distribution,
• methods of identification and,
• methods of treatment .

5. What is Yellow Fever?
Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic
disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.
The "yellow" in the name refers to the
jaundice that affects some patients.

6. History
• The evolutionary origins of yellow fever most likely lie in Africa
• It was brought to America through slave trade in ships

7. Causes
• The disease is caused by an enveloped single-stranded RNA
virus 40–50 nm in width and is spread by the bite of an
infected female mosquito.
• It infects only humans, other primates, and several types of
mosquitoes.
• In cities, it is spread primarily by Aedes aegypti, a type of
mosquito found throughout the tropics and subtropics.
• The virus is an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus.
• The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses,
especially in the early stages. To confirm a suspected case,
blood-sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is
required.

8. Yellow Fever Virus
Yellow fever virus
Virus classification
(unrank
ed):
Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Phylum: incertae
sedis
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus
Species: Yellow fever
virus

9. Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito,

10. Symptoms
symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains particularly in
the back, and headaches.[3] Symptoms typically improve within five days.[3] In about
15% of people, within a day of improving the fever comes back, abdominal pain
occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin.[3][6] If this occurs, the risk of

12. • Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever: In tropical rainforests, monkeys, which
are the primary reservoir of yellow fever, are bitten by wild mosquitoes
of the Aedes and Haemogogusspecies, which pass the virus on to other
monkeys. Occasionally humans working or travelling in the forest are
bitten by infected mosquitoes and develop yellow fever.
• Intermediate yellow fever: In this type of transmission, semi-domestic
mosquitoes (those that breed both in the wild and around households)
infect both monkeys and people. Increased contact between people and
infected mosquitoes leads to increased transmission and many separate
villages in an area can develop outbreaks at the same time. This is the
most common type of outbreak in Africa.
• Urban yellow fever: Large epidemics occur when infected people
introduce the virus into heavily populated areas with high density
of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and where most people have little or no
immunity, due to lack of vaccination or prior exposure to yellow fever. In
these conditions, infected mosquitoes transmit the virus from person to
person.

13. Identification
• yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during the early
stages. A more severe case can be confused with severe
malaria, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis (especially fulminant
forms), other haemorrhagic fevers, infection with other
flaviviruses (such as dengue haemorrhagic fever), and
poisoning.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in blood and urine can
sometimes detect the virus in early stages of the disease. In
later stages, testing to identify antibodies is needed (ELISA and
PRNT)

14. Treatment
• There is currently no specific anti-viral drug for yellow fever
but specific care to treat dehydration, liver and kidney failure,
and fever improves outcomes.

15. Prevention
• 1. Vaccination
• Vaccination is the most important means of preventing yellow
fever
• 2. Vector control
• The risk of yellow fever transmission in urban areas can be
reduced by eliminating potential mosquito breeding sites,
including by applying larvicides to water storage containers
and other places where standing water collects.

16. Thankyou!!!

17. References:
• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-
fever
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever