1. India has a duck population of 23.54 million, second only to chickens for egg and meat production. West Bengal is the top duck egg producer while Assam has the highest duck population. 2. Ducks face numerous infectious diseases including viral diseases like duck virus hepatitis and duck virus enteritis (duck plague), bacterial diseases such as duck cholera and Riemerella anatipestifer infection, parasitic diseases like sarcocystis, and fungal diseases including aspergillosis. 3. Prevention of diseases involves vaccination, biosecurity measures, and minimizing environmental stresses on ducks through provision of clean water and shelter, adequate nutrition and light, and protection from weather and predators.

1. 1
Suchismita Pradhan
M.V.Sc Scholar
M-5835

2. 7.30 M
6.25M
0.31M
2.29M
0.31M
Duck population in India is 23.54 million (19th livestock census )
Duck is 2nd to chicken in egg and meat (Jalaludeen, 2013 )
91% of ducks are indigenous in origin
>92% of duck egg is from indigenous duck
India -8th in duck population in world (1.94%) (Islam et al., 2016 )
States with maximum duck population is Assam
West Bengal ranks first in duck egg production
(BAHS -2014)
Indian Scenario of Duck Population
(Population in millions)
(19th livestock census )

3. 3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1997 2003 2007 2012
Growth trend of Duck in different
Livestock census
No(inmillion)
87%
12%
1%
Species wise egg contribution
Improved fowl Desi fowl
Improved duck Desi duck
( BAHS 2017 )

4. 4
World duck population is 1096 million
China , 1st in duck population contributing more than
65%
Duck egg is 7.02% out of total egg production in
world and duck meat is 4.09%
Share of duck egg to total in Asia is 10%
Asia contribute 82.2% to duck meat production
(Jalaludeen ,2013 )
Global Scenario of Duck Population

5. 5
What are the threats to Duck ?
Non infectious
diseases

6. 6
BACTERIAL DISEASE
1. Duck cholera / Pasturellosis
2. Riemerella anatipestifer Infection
3. Paratyphoid /Keel
4. Botulism / Limberneck
5. Colibacillosis
6. Staphylococcus infection
7. Pseudomonas infection
VIRAL DISEASES
1. Duck virus hepatitis
2. Duck virus enteritis / duck plague
3. Duck influenza
4. Duck pox
FUNGAL INFECTION
1. Aspergillosis
2. Mycotoxicosis ( Aflatoxin )
PARASITIC DISEASES
1. Sarcocystis
2. Leucocytozoon
3. Goggidiosis
4. Intestinal nematode and
cestode
NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES
1. Lead poisoning
2. Zinc poisoning
3. Foreign body penetration
4. Miscellaneous

7. 7
Viral Diseases Of Duck
Mostly affect ducklings less than 4-week-old
(Woolcock, 2003)
 Caused by Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) type I, genus
Avihepatovirus, family Picornaviridae (Erfan A.M. et al., 2015 )
Signs and
Lesions
Spasmodic contractions of legs and die within an hour in a
typical "arched-backward" position.
Liver is enlarged and shows hemorrhagic spots.
Duck Virus Hepatitis
Vaccination of breeder ducks ( by live attenuated virus
vaccine) protects the offspring through maternal antibodies
(Woolcock, 2003; OIE, 2010)
Vaccination of ducklings ( by Live attenuated virus vaccines)
or transfer of hyper immune sera can be also protective
(Woolcock, 2003; Kim et al., 2009)
Vaccination

8. 8
Duck Virus Enteritis
Also known as “duck plague” (OIE Terrestial manual 2012 )
Aetiological agent -- Anatid herpesvirus-1 of Herpesviridae
Muscovy ducks being the most susceptible
Transmission : Direct / Indirect contact
Signs :
Incubation period 3–7 days
Sudden, high and persistent mortality , drop in egg production
Ruffled feathers
Watery diarrhoea and soiled vents
Ducklings show dehydration, loss of weight, conjunctivitis and
serous ocular discharge, a blue colouration of the beaks and blood-stained vents
Depression & mild dyspnoea

9. 9
Lesions :
Vascular damage, tissue haemorrhages, free blood in the body
cavities and intestinal lumen (OIE Terrestial manual 2012 )
Necrosis and haemorrhage of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the heart (“paint-brush”
appearance), liver, pancreas, mesentery, and other organs
Recovered birds act as carriers and may shed the virus in the
faeces or on the surface of eggs over a period of years
(Richter et al.,1993; Shawky et al., 2002)

10. Duck Plague Vaccine (DPV)
Live attenuated (Holland Strain) freeze dried vaccine of chick-embryo origin (Richter & Horsier, 1993)
Vaccine available in 2ml vial of 200 doses
Reconstituti
on
• Freeze dried vaccine is reconstituted in 100 ml chilled
diluent (Sterile NS or Sterile PBS)
• Should be used within 2 hours after reconstitution.
Administrat
ion
• 0.5ml S/C in wing web
• First dose at 6th weeks of age
• Booster at 12th weeks of age
• Annual vaccination recommended.
Contraindic
ation
• During disease out-break
• Debilitated condition of birds
• Worm infestation
SOURCE OF VACCINE
Institute of Animal Health & Veterinary
Biological , Hebbal , Bangalore
Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine,
Vellore , Tamilnadu
( Source : Center for Food Security and Public Health )[ Source :IAH & VB ,Kerala ]
Institute of Animal Health & Veterinary
Biological ,Palode, Thiruvananthapuram ,
Kerala

11. 11
Duck Influenza
Epidemic disease
Caused by either low (LPAI) or highly (HPAI) pathogenic viruses of Orthomyxoivridae (Alexander 2007)
Ducks are resistant to LPAI and to most of HPAI viruses . (Chenetet et al., 2004)
Ducks (domestic or wild) , are natural reservoir of the virus. (Swayne 2007)
Transmission : direct and indirect contact ,nasal secretion and droppings.

12. 12
Prevention and Control Plan
I. Identification of the infected zone (up to 1 km radius of the confirmed case) and
surveillance zone (1–10 km)
II. Absolute ban on movement of poultry from and to the infected area
III. Closure of poultry and egg markets
IV. Restriction of movement of persons and vehicles in the infected areas
V. Depopulation of birds in the infected zone, destruction of contaminated materials
(DADF, 2015 )VACCINATION IS NOT SUCCESSFUL DUE TO ANTIGENIC SHIFT
AND ANTIGENIC DRIFT
Intestinal tract is the target organ of LPAI viruses in ducks (Kim et al.,2009)
Signs : sinusitis and upper respiratory diseases

13. 13
Duck Pox
Duck pox virus different from fowl pox and pigeon pox virus ( Rao, 1965)
But clinical sign resembles with fowl pox
Occur in 2 form ,Ocular form and Cutaneous form .
Cutaneous form :
Most common
Nodules on face around the eye etc .
2 types of lesions:
dry form (skin) lesions
wet form (diphtheritic) lesions occur in the mouth, pharynx, larynx and
trachea.
Ocular form :
Mucopurulant discharge from the eyes may be seen ,followed by blindness
(Chauhan )
Diphtheritic Form

14. 14
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Caused by Pasteurella multocida
Signs :
Swollen hock joints
Haemorrhages usually on the heart
Cheesy masses may be seen in the air sacs and on the heart
Liver and spleen are enlarged and mottled
Small, white spots may be found in the liver
Duck Cholera / Pasturellosis
Pasteurella multocida

15. 15
Pasteurella multocida A3 serotype in liquid paraffin and lanolin
Administration & Dosage
First dose - 0.3ml I/M for birds of 4 weeks of age
Revaccination - 0.5 ml I/M at every 6 months interval
Immunity
Immunity established in 21 days and lasts for six months
Available in 100ml bottle
Vaccine available from
Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biological , Palode , Kerala
Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biological, Hebbal , Bangalore
Duck Pasteurella Oil Adjuvant Vaccine
Source : IAH & VB ,Kerala

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Riemerella anatipestifer Infection
Also known as New Duck disease or Duck septicaemia or infectious serositis (Pala et al., 2014)
21 serotypes (Pathanasophon et al. 1995)
Riemerella anatipestifer is phenotypically similar to Pasteurella spp., (Kardos et al., 2007)
Cartilage Erosion of hock joint
in chronic infection
Lying on back & paddling leg
Membranes covering the heart and
liver, and meningitis
Symptom And Lesions Treatment and control
Penicillin, Enrofloxacin and Sulfadimethoxine-
Ormetoprim (0.04-0.08% in feed)
Spraying of day-old
ducklings
provides protection
against R. anatipestifer
infection caused by
serotypes 1, 2, and 5

17. 17
Paratyphoid / Keel
Disease of young ducklings caused by S. typhimurium
Predisposing factor : poor incubator and brooder
management
Signs : Ducks suddenly keel over when dying
Enlarged liver with white spots, cecal cores , arthritis of the
leg joints (Morishita et al., 2004 )
Prevention : fumigate the eggs during early incubation
Treatment : rigid culling and sulfonamide medication in
the feed or drinking water.
Botulism / Limberneck
Food intoxication caused by Clostridium
botulinum type c toxin
Paralysis of the neck muscles (limber
neck)
1. Pellet feeding
2. Maintaining a constant water level
in streams and ponds
3. Prompt removal of all dead birds
4. Treatment of the birds with anti-
toxin
Preventive Measure
(Dougherty )

18. 18
Other Bacterial Diseases
Colibacillosis :
Caused by Escherichia coli
Causes (omphalitis), septicaemia in young and salpingitis and peritonitis in
breeder ducks
Staphylococcus infection :
Mostly Staphylococcus aureus
Cause “ Bumble foot ” (Morishita et al., 2004 )
Predisposing factor - rough flooring, wet litter flooring,
or floors with heavy manure build-up
Pseudomonas infection :
P. aeruginosa
Bumble Foot
Omphalitis

19. 19
Parasitic Diseases
Sarcocystis
Commonly caused by Sarcocystis rileyi
Parasitic cysts resemble white rice grains in the muscles,
especially on the breast musculature so it is referred to as
“ rice breast disease” (Morishita et al., 2004 )
More common in free-living waterfowl rather than domesticated
waterfowl
Deaths resulting from infestations of external parasites are rare, but production losses often occur because
of the irritation caused to the birds (Musa S. Et al 2012)

20. 20
Leucocytizoon
Caused by a protozoa, Leucocytozoon simondi, which attacks blood cells.
(Savage et al .,1945)
Black fly (Simulium) act as vector
Blood is thin and does not clot readily.
Spleen may be swollen and dark or mottled.
Coccidiosis
Mostly caused by Tyzerria perniciosa ( Seneviratna )
High mortality in baby ducks
Mucoid and bloody diarrhoea (NAIDS )
Pathogenecity resemble that of Eimeria necatrix of domestic fowl
Treatment : Sulphadimidine 30-600gm/100 birds/day
Amprolium, Vitamins A and K in feed or water
Content mixed with fresh or
clotted blood
Black fly

21. 21
FUNGAL DISEASES
Aspergillosis
Respiratory disease of young ducklings
Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (Morishita et al., 2004 )
Also known as “brooder pneumonia” and gaps
Ducklings < 2 weeks old are most susceptible
Fungus grow in the air sacs
Sign :
Birds gasp for air and the head and neck are extended
Cheesy nodules, from pinpoint size to one-eighth inch across,
occur in the lungs and air sacs
Cheesy plagues in lungs and air
sacs of bird
Gasping

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Preventive Measure
Mouldy feed should be avoided
Mouldy litter, the most common cause of an outbreak, should never
be used for young ducklings
Keep the area around the water fountains dry through the use of wire
platforms and drains
Litter in affected pens should be removed or covered with fresh litter
Conduct regular air quality tests
( Dougherty )

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MYCOTOXICOSIS
Aflatoxicosis
Caused by consumption of feeds contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus
Aflatoxicosis constitute 20% of all deaths and more common in ducklings of 3-8 week age (Acharya et al.,2011)
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is most potent (Bibu, 2011)
It is a hepatotoxin (Balachandran et al.,1987)
Aflatoxin in the feed of ducks is max.3 ppb (BIS specification )
Cause hepatic tumours in ducks (Rajan et al.,1989)
Detrimental effect on humoral and cell mediated immune response (Mahajan et al.,2002)
Chronic exposure to low levels of aflatoxin can result in cancer and immunosuppression (Sharma, 1993)

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Sign :
Reduction in feed intake
Congestion and haemorrhages in the liver with soft and friable
consistency
Enlargement of the kidney with congestion and
reticulation (Acharya et al.,2011)
Decreased feed intake along with increased liver weights
(Verma et al., 2004; Ortatatli and Oguz, 2001)
Dietary additives: Phenobarbital, cysteine, charcoal, glutathione,
betacarotene,
fisetin and selenium reduce aflatoxicosis in poultry
(Dalvi, 1986)
Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS) used as
anticaking agents to sequester or "bind" aflatoxins and reduce
absorption from the GI tract
Congestion (upper left), Aflatoxicosis-paleness and
yellow discoloration (middle and upper right)
Prevention and Control :

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NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Lead Poisoning
Ingestion of lead shots (migratory free living) / lead paint (domestic) ducks can lead to lead poisoning.
Sign : Green diarrhea
Ducks often hold their wings in a characteristic “roofshaped” pattern (Morishita et al., 2004 )
Treatment includes the use of chelating agents
Zinc Poisoning
Source of infection: zinc-based items or to shallow, manmade ponds in which coins, especially
pennies, have been tossed
Sign : Gastric lesions

26. 26
Minimize environmental
stresses
Immunize ducks against
infectious diseases
Establish and maintain a
Bio security program
DISEASE
PREVENTION IS
ACHIEVED BY
Protection from extreme weather conditions and
predators.
A clean, dry sheltered area.
Clean water for drinking, i.e., free of germs and
toxins harmful to ducks.
Water for swimming is not essential, but can be
beneficial in areas where temperatures are high.
A diet that provides all of the duck's daily
nutritional needs.
Adequate light stimulation, especially for layers.
Prevention

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Based on the epidemiological
pattern round the year a health
Calendar for duck was developed
Health Calendar of Duck
(CARI Regional Centre ,Bhubaneswar )

28. 28
S. No Name of the vaccine Route Dose Age of ducks
1 Duck Cholera
(Pasteurellosis)
Subcutaneous
Ducklings, Adults
1ml 3-4 weeks
2 Duck Plague Subcutaneous
Adults
1ml 8-12 weeks
VACCINATION SCHEDULE IN DUCK

29. Number of disease affecting duck like duck plague ,duck cholera,
Aflatoxicosis should be properly diagnosed, treated and prevented
Therapeutic and prophylactic measures were undertaken for control
and prevention of important duck diseases
In addition to this basic health care is necessary in each and every
step of management
29
Conclusion

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THANK YOU....