For 6th Semester SU Students

1. Bio-Resources

2. DEFINITION
• Bio-resources are nonfossil biogenic resources
which can be used by humans for multiple
purposes:
• to produce food,
• substantial products, and/or
• energy carriers.

3. They can be categorised into
following categories:
• Primary bioresources: Primary bioresources are
generated for a specific application-oriented
purpose in forestry, agri- or aquaculture to
enable the production of food, substantial
products, or eventually energy. Examples are
wood, grain, potato, bamboo, algae.
• Secondary bioresourceS:

4. • Examples of primary bio- resources:
wood, grain, potato, bamboo, algae.
• Examples of secondary bio-resources:
Fruit Residues. Around 25 % of the mass of an orange
is orange peel. They contain interesting extractives and
organic matter usable for various purposes. This mixed
fruit residue is used for biogas generation.
• Examples of tertiary bio-resources:
Degradation during storage, may have taken place.
They have generally a lower value than secondary bio-
resources.
• Examples of Quaternary bio-resources:
Their generation after start of utilization into short-,
mid-, and long-term categories.

8. Environmental degradation
• Environmental degradation is the deterioration of
the environment through depletion of resources such
as air, water and soil; the destruction
of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of
wildlife; and pollution.
• As indicated by the I=PAT equation,
• Where, (I)= Environmental impact
(P)= Increasing human population,
(A)=continually increasing economic growth or
per capita affluence, and
(T)= Application of resource-depleting and
polluting technology

10. Root Causes and Main Threats
• These are population growth, inequity, and
inadequate economic policies and institutional
systems.
• In addition, habitat degradation, and
fragmentation, over-exploitation of biological
resources.

13. Water degradation
• One major component of environmental
degradation is the depletion of the resource of
fresh water on Earth.
• Approximately only 2.5% of all of the water on
Earth is fresh water, with the rest being salt
water.
• 69% of fresh water is frozen in ice caps located
on Antarctica and Greenland, so only 30% of
the 2.5% of fresh water is available for
consumption.

14. • It is estimated that one in three people over the
entire globe are already facing water shortages,
almost one-fifth of the world population live in
areas of physical water scarcity.
• Water scarcity is an increasing problem due to
many foreseen issues in the future, including
population growth, increased urbanization,
higher standards of living, and climate change.

16. Aral Sea's Eastern Basin Is Dry for First
Time in 600 Years

17. Lirung Glacier in the Himalayas.

18. Water or Environmental degradation
caused by large dams in Sikkim

19. Young people from the Dzongu reserve in North Sikkim led a three-year long relay
hunger strike against large dams

20. Sampling of water
• Physical testing: Solids concentrations (e.g., total
suspended solids (TSS)) and turbidity.
• Chemical testing: Frequently used methods
include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand(COD).
• Biological testing: Biological testing involves the use
of plant, animal or microbial indicators to monitor
the health of an aquatic ecosystem. One example of
a group of bio-indicators are the copepods and other
small water crustaceans that are present in many
water bodies. Such organisms can be monitored for
changes (biochemical, physiological, or behavioral)
that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.

21. Copepods/Crustaceans

22. • Climate change and temperature
• Population growth

23. Control of pollution