Construction Scheduling, Work Study and Work Measurement _ Unit 2 _ Construction Management _ Final Year (BE) _ Department of Civil Engineering _ TAE _ SPPU _ by Shrikant R. Kate

SPPU
BE CIVIL ENGINEERNG
Construction Management
© Mr. Shrikant R. Kate 1
Unit2.
Construction Scheduling
Shrikant R. Kate
BE Civil, M Tech Construction Management

Syllabus
• Construction scheduling, work study and work
measurement Construction scheduling.
• Construction project scheduling – purpose,
factors affecting scheduling, time as a control tool
• Work Breakdown Structure, project work
breakdown levels, line of balance technique
• Repetitive project management Work study and
work measurement
• Definition, objectives, basic procedure of work
study, symbols, activity charts, string diagrams,
time and motion studies.

Construction Project Scheduling
• Scheduling means putting the plan on a
calendar time scale.
• Purpose:
1. Simplification of project plan
2. Time objectives
3. Optimization of resources
4. Forecasting
5. Implication of time and resource constraints

Factors Affecting Scheduling
1. Site management
2. Finance by contractors
3. Co-ordination among parties
4. Preparation of schedule plans and updates
5. Experience of contractor
6. Method of construction
7. Foundation activities
8. Speed of decision making of owners
9. Availability of labour on site
10. Availability of staff to manage project
11. Availability of equipment
12. Availability of material
13. Availability of site

Steps In Project Scheduling
1. Calculation of detail control information
2. Assigning timings to events and activities
3. Giving consideration to the resources
4. Allocation of resources

Advantages of Scheduling
• Written plan and schedule motivates the
employees to accomplish project goals
• Communicating with management, customer and
other stakeholders is much easier with the
schedule
• Effective usage of all resources
• Improves output of project
• Helps to achieve project deadlines
• Avoid overloading or underuse of resources
• Reduces delivery time
• Increases productivity

Project Planning
• It consist of dividing project into activities and
establishing logical relationship between them
• Project planning serves as a foundation for
several functions such as cost estimating,
scheduling, project control, quality control,
safety management, etc
• The purpose of project planning is to define
each major task, estimate the time and
resources required and provide an outline for
management review and control

Work Breakdown Structure
• Dividing complex projects into simple and
manageable tasks for planning and controlling
purpose is called as WBS
• In WBS, work is divided in small manageable
work unit in hierarchical order into levels of sub
divisions
• WBS helps to recognize how the project will flow
within a desired timeline established by Project
Manager
• WBS is pictorial representation of entire project
• WBS is more effective for a complex project
which comprises hundreds of events and
activities

Benefits of WBS
• Reducing the probability of important work missing.
• Precisely subdivide project into smaller work packages,
which makes task easier for project member.
• Create effective schedule and accurate project costing.
• Manage internal project team members as well as
outsourced service providers.
• It creates accountability.
• Reduce risk of project failing to meet goals.
• It illustrate the project scope, so the stakeholders can
have a better understanding of the same.

Project Work Break Down Levels
1. Sub Project Level: A sub project is defined as dividing
the project work into independent large volume mini
projects or task groups
2. Task Level: Project or sub-project work can be divided
up into various tasks.
3. Work Package Level: Work package contains a sizable,
identifiable, costable and controllable package of
work
4. Activity Level: identifiable jobs, operations and
processes which consumes time and possibly other
resources and are necessary for its completion
5. Operation Level: Each operation contains a part of the
work content of the activity. It generally has a
particular type or a fixed group of resources
associated with it © Mr. Shrikant R. Kate 13

Line of Balance
• Line of balance is a management control process for
collecting, measuring and presenting facts relating to
time, cost and accomplishment - all measured against a
specific plan
• It illustrates the process, status, background, timing
and phasing of the project activities which helps:
1. Comparison between actual progress and formal
objective plan
2. From established plans, examining the deviations
3. Getting timely data and information regarding trouble
areas and specifying those areas where suitable
corrective action is required
4. Forecasting future performance

Line of Balance
• Advantages:
1. Indicates amount of work taking place in a
definite area at a specific time
2. Easier analysis of cost and time optimization
3. Modification, update and changes can be easily
made in schedule
4. Simpler and clearer resource management
5. Easy to supervision
• Disadvantages:
1. Critical path of the project schedule cannot be
generated
2. It could be divided only by location

Scheduling with LOB
1. Prepare a logic diagram
2. To complete each operation, calculate the
estimated man hours
3. Select buffer time which will lookout against
the risk of interference between operations.
4. Calculate the requisite output target so as to
meet a given project completion date
5. Complete LOB schedule

Example of LOB
• Logic Diagram:
Earthwork Foundation Super Structure Finishing
5 days 10 days 20 days 10 days
• Logic Diagram with buffers:
Earthwork Buffer Foundation Buffer Super Stru. Buffer Finishing
5 days 5 days 10 days 5 days 20 days 5 days 10 days
• Line of Balance:

Unit II Part -B: Work Study and
Work Measurement

Work Study
• Defn: Systematic examination of the methods
of carrying out activities so as to improve the
effective use of resources and set up standard
of performance for the activities being carried
out.

Importance of Work Study
• Increase productivity
• To find out improved technology
• Helps to set standard of performance
• Contribute to improvement in safety and
working condition
• Relatively cheap and easy to apply
• It can be used anywhere, ie. Offices,
Laboratories, Industries, Distributors.

Techniques of Work Study
• Work Study is divided in two parts:
1. Method Study: used to examine the job and
finding out more appropriate method of its
performance
2. Work Measurement (Time Study): study of
actual time required to complete the job and
its elements

Objectives of Work Study
1. Improve total performance
2. Reduce time and cost of construction
3. Effective use of resources
4. To evaluate the performance of labour
5. To assist management to obtain the optimum
use of 3M’s

Advantages of Work Study
1. Reduce manufacturing cost
2. To find labour requirement
3. Provide better service to client
4. Simplify the supervision
5. Finding various methods for incentive
payment
6. Better utilization of resources
7. Increased quality of product
8. Increase in profit of organization

Procedure of Work Study
1. Select-Job or any work
2. Record-by observation , collection of data
3. Examination-place , sequence, method
4. Develop-most new economical method
5. Establishment-standard of oraganization
6. Inspection-new method at regular interval

Method Study (Motion Study)
• Method study is conducted to simplify the
work or working methods which may result in
higher productivity with minimum
consumption of resources
• Method study consists of:
1. How well method utilizes the resources?
2. How selected methods affect output of
production?
3. Quality of product obtained after application
of selected methods.

Objective of Motion Study
• Optimum use of resources
• Achieve economy in human efforts
• Improvement in layout
• Reduction in unnecessary fatigue
• Improving plant and equipment design
• Setting safety standards and procedure
• Developing healthy environment for working
in organization

Steps in Method Study
Defining existing method
Recording existing method
Examine existing method
Develop new method
Define new method
Install new method
Maintain new method

Area where Method study required
• Required a high operating cost
• High wastage is produced
• Where overtime is utilized
• Rejection of product due to inefficiency
• Want to improve quality of work
• Adequacy of safety measures
• Production of product goes on decrease
continuously

Symbol used in Method study
• O-Operation
• - Inspection
• - Transport
• D- Delay
• - Storage

Work Measurement
• Defn: Is application of techniques designed to
establish time for qualified worker to carry out a
task at a defined rate of working
• Purpose:
1. To provide standard working procedures
2. Work measurement consists of investigation and
eliminating ineffective time
3. Eliminating unnecessary movement on part of
machine or operation
4. Can be used to set standard time for carrying
out work effectively

Procedure of Work Measurement
Select
Record
Examine
Measure
Compile
Define

Techniques of Work Measurement
1.Work sampling
2. Structured estimating
3. Time study and motion study
4. Predetermined time standards

Time Study
• Defn: Is a work measurement technique for
recording time of performing a certain specific
job carried out under specified condition and
analyzing data so as to obtain the time
necessary for an operator to carry it out
• Steps in Time Study:
1. Select
2. Collect
3. Identify
4. Record
5. Establish

Motion Study
• Invented by a scientist named Lillian Gilbreth
• The study is based on analysis of work motion
which include the detailed study of workers
activity while recording the time
• Consist of:
1. Visual recording of how work had been done
and provide more chance for improvement
2. Provide training to worker’s to give best
performance

Allowances
• Energy loss is experienced by worker while doing
a job and this efforts should be reduced to
minimum through development of improved
method and procedures
• So some allowances should be made to minimize
the stress suffered by worker
• Types:
1. Relaxation Allowance
2. Contingency Allowance
3. Policy Allowance
4. Special Allowance

String Diagram
• The string diagram is scale or model on which
thread is used to trace and measure the path of
workers, material or equipment during a
sequence of events.
• Flow diagram to measure distance with help of
string or thread
• Prepared by recording all fact from direct
observation
• To find out how easily material or labour can
travel
• Useful for management to explain proposed
change to supervisor or workers.

Multiple Activity chart
• Chart on which the activities of more than one
subject (worker, machine, or item of
equipment) are each recorded on common
time scale to show their interrelationship.
• It shows time of idleness of any subject
• Easy to arrange activities of mass production
work
• Inspect number of machine at time

Construction Scheduling, Work Study and Work Measurement _ Unit 2 _ Construction Management _ Final Year (BE) _ Department of Civil Engineering _ TAE _ SPPU _ by Shrikant R. Kate

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Construction Scheduling, Work Study and Work Measurement _ Unit 2 _ Construction Management _ Final Year (BE) _ Department of Civil Engineering _ TAE _ SPPU _ by Shrikant R. Kate