UTILISATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH IN THE MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS.

1. ADDITION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH IN PORTLAND
CEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION TO
MANUFACTURE BLOCKS.
Presented By-
SHRADDHA VERMA
M.Sc (CHEMISTRY)
REGD.NO-1807120004
UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF
PROF.R.B.PANDA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
VSSUT,BURLA

2. CEMENT
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other
materials to bind them together.
-Cement is the most widely used material in existence and is only behind water as the planet's
most-consumed resource (inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based.)
HISTORY: The basic principle of binding constituents together started from early of 12 million
years ago.
Babylonians
and Assyrians
used bitumen
to bind.
Pyramids in Egypt were
cemented together with
sand and roughly burnt
gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O),
containing CaCO3.
MIDDLE AGE
Hydraulic cement
- Construct bridges ,
canals ,forts etc.,
16TH & 18TH CENTURY:
Hydraulic cement was
formalized by French and
British engineers
19TH CENTURY
Portland cement by
England.
2Oth CENTURY IN 1908
Calcium aluminate cements were
patented in France by
Jules Bied
Modern
cements -
PORTLAND
CEMENT.

3. Chemistry of Cement
Cement is categorized as : Non-hydraulic cement and Hydraulic cement depending on
the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water.
Non-hydraulic cement- slaked lime (calcium oxide mixed with water), hardens by
carbonation in contact with carbon dioxide, which is present in the air (~ 412 vol.
ppm ≃ 0.04 vol. %
(i) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(temp -825 °C, Atm.pressure , time- 10 hours)
(ii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O (carbonation)
Hydraulic cement- Involves hydration of the clinker minerals on addition of water.
Ex- Portland cement, are mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main mineral
phases of the clinker, abbreviated as
C3S: Alite (3CaO·SiO2);
C2S: Belite (2CaO·SiO2);
C3A: Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3)
C4AF: Brownmillerite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3)

4. Portland Cement
Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the
world.
CaCO3
Material
(clay)
Is cement really utilized by economy ?
•509 million tones per year (mtpa)
•India is the second largest cement producer in the world
•The demand of cement industry is expected to achieve 550-600 million tonnes per
annum constantly by 2025 because of the expanding requests of different divisions i.e.
housing, commercial construction and industrial construction.
Kiln
1480C
CaO +
other
materials
Calcium silicates +cementitious
material
CO2
Clinker
Grinded with
gypsumOPC

5. Sewage Sludge Ash ?
Sewage, or domestic/municipal wastewater, is a type of
wastewater that is produced by a community of people.
Characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical
condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its
bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and
in what quantities).
It can be greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers and clothes washers), blackwater
(the water used to flush toilets, combined with human waste; soaps and detergents.
Sludge - a semi-solid slurry, produced from a range of industrial processes,water
treatment, wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems. The term is used as a
generic term for solids separated from suspension in a liquid; this 'soupy' material
usually contains significant quantities of 'interstitial' water (between the solid
particles).

6. Sewage sludge ash –
It is the by-product produced during the combustion of dewatered sewage sludge in an
incinerator. Sewage sludge ash is primarily a silty material with some sand-size particles.
The specific size range and properties of the sludge ash depend to a great extent on the type
of incineration system and the chemical additives introduced in the wastewater treatment
process.
EFFECT ? AND IS IT HARMFUL ? AND SHOULD PROMINENT STEPS BE TAKEN FOR ITS
APPROPRIATE DISPOSAL ?

7. Harmful Contents of SSA and why there is need to
incorporate it in cement ?
• Organic pollutants and
nutrients - high conc. of NH4,
NO3, N2, phosphorus, high
conductivity , high alkalinity,
(Ph 7-8) typically ranging
between 7 and 8.
• Pathogens - Parasites and
Protozoa such as helminths and
their eggs.
• Heavy metal - accumulate in
soils and has negative influence
on biological soil processes
,aquatic ecosystems and reduces
yield of crops.
• Micro-pollutants-
environmental persistent
pharmaceutical pollutants like
Trihalomethanes.
• Cement is the second most-
consumed resource in the world,
with more than 4 billion tons of
the material produced globally
every year. As a result, the
industry generates
approximately 8 percent of
global CO2 emissions, not far
behind the agriculture industry,
which accounts for 12 percent.
• Ranked with CO2 emissions
from individual countries, the
cement industry would be the
third-highest emitter after China
and the United States.

8. Aim of the Presentation
• The construction industry - great consumer of resources and materials.
- it has an enormous potential for the use of waste materials generated by its
own activities and those from other sectors and would help to decrease the energy
consumption, to preserve non-renewable natural resources and to reduce the high
amount of material that goes to landfills.

13. REFERENCES
• Valdez, P., Barragan, B., Girbes, I., Shuttleworth, N., Cockburn, A., 2010. Use of waste
from the marble industry as filler for the production of self-compacting concrete.
• Mater. Construct. 61, 61e76.Vogtlander, J.G., 2001. The Model of the Eco-cost/Value
Ratio, a New LCA Based Decision Support Tool. Thesis. p. 286
•European Commission, 2010. Environmental, economic and social impacts of the
use of sewage sludge on land. In: Final Report. Part I: Overview Report, pp. 3e8.
•Francisco Baeza-Brotons , Pedro Garces, Jordi Paya, Jose Miguel Saval a
Department of Civil Engineering, Universitat d'Alacant, Carretera San Vicente del
Raspeig S/N, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain, ICITECH,
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain

15. Chemistry of Cement
Cement is categorized as : Non-hydraulic cement and Hydraulic cement depending on
the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water.
Non-hydraulic cement- slaked lime (calcium oxide mixed with water), hardens by
carbonation in contact with carbon dioxide, which is present in the air (~ 412 vol.
ppm ≃ 0.04 vol. %
(i) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(temp -825 °C, Atm.pressure , time- 10 hours)
(ii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O (carbonation)
Hydraulic cement- Involves hydration of the clinker minerals on addition of water.
Ex- Portland cement, are mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main mineral
phases of the clinker, abbreviated as
C3S: Alite (3CaO·SiO2);
C2S: Belite (2CaO·SiO2);
C3A: Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3)
C4AF: Brownmillerite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3)