substitution method

1. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY
MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE
CONCRETE PRODUCTION
GUIDED BY : SREEREKHA
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY : MEGHA.M
ROLL NUMBER : LKME19CE056
BATCH : S7 CE A

2. INTRODUCTION
• Concrete is the second most widely used material in the world.
• However, environmental concerns are raised for the high carbon emission during
cement production.
• Concrete production contributes about 7% of the global CO2 emission.
• A practical strategy to lower the environmental impact is to replace cement by locally
available supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Amongst various SCMs
such as fly ash and slag, calcined clay is considered as more viable option due to its
wide availability.
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION 2

3. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
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• Marine clay, generated from excavation works and dredging activities, is normally
discarded as it is too soft as backfill materials.
• With the addition of cement and additives, this marine clay can be transformed into
highly flowable grout material, for the purpose of back-fill and soil stabilization and
thus a large amount of marine clay can be reused.
• Many major infrastructure constructions are currently being undertaken in different
places . For example, large quantities of marine clay is excavated in Singapore due
to the construction of mass transit, underground roads and commercial and
residential spaces while the disposal of marine clay in landfills is prohibited by
Singapore legislation.

4. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
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• The preliminary site investigation and geophysical survey revealed that the
Singapore marine clay at Changi consists of the upper and lower marine clay
layers.
• These soft to medium stiff clay members are recent deposits of estuarine origin.
They are separated by a layer of medium stiff to stiff clay with a thickness of
2–5 m. This layer, locally termed as intermediate clay, is reddish and is
believed to be the desiccated crust of the lower marine clay resulting from the
exposure of the seabed to the atmosphere during the rise and fall of the sea
levels in the geological past.

5. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
•Marine clay was collected from a construction site
• After being dried at 50 °C for 72 hours under air recirculation,
•clay samples were ground in a ball mill for 30 minutes.
•The calcination process was performed by putting clayfilled crucibles in a furnace
(ELITE laboratory chamber furnace) and heating from room temperature up to the
designed temperature at a rate of 10 °C/min.
• The temperature maintained for 1 hour, followed by removing the crucibles
quickly and spreading on a metal plate to cool at ambient temperature.
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION 5

6. •Add the sample with cement and water aggregate.
•The mixture of concrete with marine clay is thus made.
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION 6
Production of sustainable cement (S. Basack and R. D. Purkayastha et al )

7. PROPERTIES OF MARINE CLAY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MARINE CLAY
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION
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SI NO PROPERTIES VALUE
1 Natural Moisture Content 112
2 Specific Gravity 2.62
3 Grain Size
Distribution
Sand % 2
Silt % 54
Clay % 44
4 Liquid Limit % 156
5 Plastic Limit % 34
6 Plasticity Index % 122
7 Shrinkage Limit % 10.71
8 pH 7.53
9 Coefficient of Consolidation (cm²/sec) 5.65 x 10-4
10 Compression Index 0.64
11 Unconfined Compressive strength, KPa 4

8. GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES
➢ shear strength
✓Upper marine clay - 10 and 30 kPa.
✓ Lower marine clay - 30 and 60 kPa.
➢ Sensitivity - 3 to 8
➢Fraction of the finer - 78% and 88%
➢Permeability - 1.10 - 2.44 × 10-9 m/s
➢ Maximum dry density - 1.5 - 1.6 g/cm3
➢ Optimum moisture content - 18.2% - 25%.
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9. VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS
The following properties are observed from visual classification in dry condition:
✓Colour - Black colour.
✓Odour - Odour of decaying vegetation.
✓Texture - Fine grained.
✓Dry strength - Medium.
✓Dylatancy - Less Sluggish.
✓Plasticity - Highly plastic.
✓Classification (USCS) - Silty clay
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION 9

10. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
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Grain size distribution curve (S. Basack and R. D. Purkayastha et al )

11. CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES
✓Organic matter content - 7%
✓Cation exchange capacity - 30.8 m.eq/100 gm of soil.
✓Exchangable ferrous ion - 0.005%.
✓pH - 7.2.
✓Carbonate content - 23%
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12. MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF MARINE CLAY
•marine clay consist of several highly compressible clay minerals such as vermiculite
and chlorite at different percentages.
•Those minerals are responsible for the compressible and swelling behaviour exhibited
by marine clay.
•Their percentages seems to control the degree of compressibility and swellability of
the soil.
•The mineral content in marine clay depends on the depth and location of the sample,
aging of deposition etc.
•Last but not least, montmorillonite is found to be the most influenced clay mineral in
marine clay. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARINE CLAY FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION 12

13. Material characterization
•The marine clay has a higher fraction of coarse grains than cement.
• The clay is thermally activated without any pre-treatment such as separation
of clayed particle from the raw material.
•The marine clay composes of gravel, sand and silt and they come in varying
particle sizes.
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14. XRD patterns
•The strong intensity of the quartz peak can be observed in the cement paste prepared
with calcined marine clay and its intensity increases with an increase in replacement
ratio.
•Comparing the signature of the portlandite in cement paste with calcined marine clay
against the OPC paste with defined portlandite peak, there is an obvious reduction of
the portlandite peak when cement is partially replaced by marine clay, indicating that
calcined marine clay plays an important role in the consumption of the portlandite
phase. Furthermore, it can be observed that the intensity of portlandite is progressively
decreased with an increase in calcined marine clay replacement.
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15. Compressive strength of mortar
•The compressive strength development for different mortar mixes.
•At every testing age, the reference mortar with 100% cement shows the highest
strength and reaches 39 MPa at 28 days.
• Meanwhile, mortar with 30% inert filler exhibits the lowest strength at all testing
ages, due to the cement dilution.
•Mortars incorporating calcined marine clay show intermediate strength between
these two reference mixes.
•The strength would also be affected by the particle fineness of the calcined marine
clay, on top of the pozzolanic reactivity.
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16. Microstructures
•Compares the microstructural observations in OPC mortar and MC800 mortar.
•In the OPC system, typical cement hydration products can be easily identified.
• With 30% OPC replaced by calcined marine clay, the change in the morphology is
very obvious.
•The microstructure is more homogeneous and the crystal phase of Portlandite and
needle ettringite can hardly be observed.
• As a result, the calcined clay grain shows a very dense bond with its surrounding
hydration products.
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17. Effect of calcined marine clay on cement hydration
•The heat evolution curves within 24 hours for different pastes are presented in Figure
•Compared to the paste with 100% cement, paste with 30% cement replacement by
quartz filler does not deviate much with respect to both the times at which the reaction
starts and the rate at which the reaction develops.
•The addition of calcined marine clay increases the hydration rate for both the second and
third peaks corresponding to the hydration of C3S and C3A, respectively.
• Compared with the OPC heat curve, the third peak is higher than the second peak for
paste with calcined marine clay, implying that the calcined marine clay has greater
accelerating effect on C3A hydration than C3S hydration.
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18. Hydration rate of different pastes.( Juntao Dang, Hongjian Du, Sze Dai
Pang et al)
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19. Marine clay utilization in concrete production
•Portland cement (PC) was partially replaced with 0-30% marine clay
•This paper concludes that using ground marine clay can reduce the use of cement
and the associated energy demand and impact on air pollution and CO emission.
•At 30% marine clay content compressive strength of concrete is higher than that
of the control. Above 30% marine clay the strength substantially decreases.
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20. COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE AND
MARINE CLAY MIXED CONCRETE
Conventional Concrete
• Cement, sand, stone and water
• Durable
• Less strength
• Higher constraction cost
• Less compressive strength
• Less workability
• Less initial setting time
• Heavy weight concrete
Marine clay mixed concrete
•Cement, marine clay, stone and water
•Very high durability
•More strength
•Lower constraction cost
•More compressive strength
•More workability
•More initial setting time
•Light weight concrete
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21. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various
Construction Soil
1) Peat
Advantages:
•Environmentally friendly
•It used in walls act as an air cleaner
•Peat blocks in walls create sound and thermal proofing spaces
Disadvantages:
•Poor choice for supporting structures
•Needs high technical expertise to use peat correctly
•Sourcing peat blocks can be a challenge
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22. 2)Clay
Advantages:
•Ideal material for tropical condition
•Durable clay brick add value and style
•Insulation properties help save energy costs
Disadvantages :
•Poor choice for foundation
•Highly susceptible to dampness
•Require skilled craftsmen for correct use
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23. 3)Silt
Advantages:
•Fertile soil
•Better water holding capacity
•Easier to work with than clay
Disadvantages:
•Weakness the foundation due to expansion
•Unsuitable for most constructions
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24. 4)Sand
Advantages:
•Supports heavy loads,hence suitable for construction
•Offers good drainage
•Does not contain organic or impure compounds
Disadvantages:
•The sand particles can wash away, leaving gaps underneath the
foundation.
•Quality sand is expensive
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25. 5)Loam
Advantages:
•Ideal for construction as it holds water at a balanced rate
•Manages air humidity if used as a layer on the inside walls
•Ideal to build walls when mixed with straw
Disadvantages:
•Effective in construction only if organic or miscellaneous soils
aren’t mixed
•Better than clay but worst than sand
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26. 6)Rock
Advantages:
•High weight-bearing capacity
•Ideal for supporting foundations
•Practical,economical,non-toxic and reliable
Disadvantages:
•Effective material only if leveled properly
•Right grain size is not found naturaly
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27. ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE WITH MARINE CLAY
•Supports heavy loads
•Heaviest of soil types
• Stable and durable.
•Weather-resistant.
•Earthquake-proof.
•As a soundproofing material.
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28. •Fire-resistant.
• Easily available
• Very high durability
•It can be manufactured to the desired strength with an economy.
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29. DISADVANTAGES
•Holds onto water
•The sand particles can wash away, leaving gaps underneath the foundation.
• Less ductile
•The weight is high compared to its strength
•Compared to other binding material, the tensile strength is relatively low.
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30. CONCLUSION
•The soil found in the ocean bed is classified as marine soil.
• It can even be located onshore as well.
•The properties of marine soil depend significantly on its initial conditions.
•The properties of saturated marine soil differ significantly from moist soil and dry
soil.
• Marine clay is microcrystalline in nature and clay minerals like chlorite, kaolinite
and illite and non clay minerals like quartz and feldspar are present in the soil.
•The soils have higher proportion of organic matters that acts as a cementing agent.
•Explored the use of marine clay to create lightweight aggregates for lightweight
concrete.
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31. REFERENCE
.
1.Hongjian Du, Sze Dai Pang (2018),Value-added utilization of marine clay as
cement replacement for sustainable concrete production.
2.Juntao Dang, Hongjian Du, Sze Dai Pang(2020),Hydration strength and
microstructure evaluation of eco-friendly mortar containing waste marine clay.
3.Anjaneya Dixit, Hongjian Du, Sze Dai Pang (2020)Marine clay in ultra high
performance concrete for filler substitution.
4.S.Basack and R.D. Purkayastha(2009) Engineering properties of marine clay
from the eastern coast of india.
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32. 5.M.W. Bo et al(2015)Mineralogy and geotechnical properties of singapore
marine clay at Changi soils.
6. K. Laursen et al. (2006) Recycling of an industrial sludge and marine clay
as light-weight aggregates.
7. Arulrajah, H. Nikraz, M.W. Bo(2005) In-Situ testing of singapore marine
clay at Changi.
8. M. Karakouzian, B.B. Avar, N. Hudyma, J.A. Moss(2005) Field
measurements of shear strength of an underconsolidated marine clay.
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