Interpretive Applications of Soil Survey Data
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2017 SWCS Annual Conference July 30-August 2, 2017 Monona Terrace Convention Center
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Interpretive Applications of Soil Survey Data
- 1. Interpretive Applications of Soil Survey Data and Properties for Soil Health: Process Modelling Options Maxine J Levin, Candiss O. Williams, Diane E. Stott, Brandon Smith and Jennifer M. Kucera United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service 2017 SWCS Annual Meeting-Madison WI
- 2. Soil Health Interpretations Team-NRCS 1) Identifying the dynamic soil properties that are most likely to be of interest or import; 2) Providing expected natural ranges of the magnitude of dynamic soil properties; and 3) Providing a framework though which results from site- specific assessments of the effects of management practices or suites of management practices can be extrapolated beyond specific locations. 2
- 4. Soil Interpretations US National Cooperative Survey • Soil Properties—stable beyond 5-20 yr cycle of use & management
- 5. Working to Model the processes to Predict the outcomes-- •Soil Health Benefits-that alleviate the risks of farming – • soil moisture retention and control • soil structure with soil resistance and resiliency to compaction • nutrient management through active functioning soil biological processes 5
- 6. Soil Health and Dynamic soil properties •Aggregate stability •Soil Compaction/Soil Density •Percent Organic carbon •Fertility •Soil Biology 6
- 7. Predicting outcomes of conservation planning • The APEX Model --not well understood by general workforce. • The USDA NRCS staff regionally --process soil data and analysis and test regional soil survey data and soil properties • Soil survey is used as data input for landscape scaling but must be altered for process modeling in APEX programming applications.
- 8. Approaching the Genie in the Box…. •Analyzing the major components •Literature review of critical papers from principals working with the model 2005-2015 •Working directly with users of the modelling data for CEAP and other NRCS/USDA programs
- 9. Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model • Whole farm/small watershed management • Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model for simulating farm fields
- 10. APEX was developed to extend the EPIC model capabilities to whole farms and watersheds. • Routing structure • Groundwater • Landscape representation of conservation practices • Manure management • Grazing density 10
- 11. Various land management strategies considering… • Sustainability • Erosion (wind, sheet, and channel) • Economics • Water supply and quality • Soil quality • Plant competition • Weather and pests
- 12. State of the Art…. • Overland and sub-surface flow between sub-areas, channels, flood plains, ponds, etc., within or adjacent to sub-areas can all be simulated with APEX. • Use of tabulated and spatial soils data has been run within the process modelling system on a pilot basis. • Soil series horizonation data has been supplemented with estimations on a case by case basis by watershed using similar documented soils as guidance.
- 13. MODELING DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES FOR U.S. SOIL SURVEY USING AGRICULTURAL POLICY/ ENVIRONMENTAL EXTENDER (APEX) CANDISS O. WILLIAMS,RESEARCH SOIL SCIENTIST 1.To provide comprehensive information about a range of soil and management conditions, soil survey projects must be supplemented using predictive models (i.e. APEX). 2. A combination of data collection and modeling will allow Soil Survey to quickly populate a DSPs database and inform conservation tools 13
- 14. Figure 1: Field measured Soil Organic Carbon % from DSP studies (2009 NRCS- USDA Kirkland soil) by Management system. (From C.O. Williams et.al, 2015 &2017 unpublished) 14
- 15. Figure 2. Measured Bulk Density from DSP studies(2009 NRCS-USDA Kirkland soil) by Management system.( C.O. Williams et.al, 2015 &2017 unpublished) 15
- 16. Figure 3. Williams, C.O., 2017. USDA NRCS unpublished APEX run on Carbon% on Kirkland Soil Series. 16
- 17. Figure 4. Williams, C.O., 2017. USDA NRCS unpublished APEX run on Bulk Density (g cm3) on Kirkland Soil Series. 17
- 18. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model • Deveoped for use in whole farm/small watershed management • Predict the highest potential of a soil to meet ideal soil health properties • Identification of potentials and thresholds for soil health indicators • Facilitate the selection of management strategies • Could be considered to evaluate conservation practices for soil health improvements and outcomes 18
- 19. The APEX Model is not easily adapted to purposes for which it was not designed •Very promising for Carbon predictions and measurement comparisons •Not useful or appropriate to adapt for Bulk density or aggregate stability 19
- 20. Central questions in use of predictive models for SOIL HEALTH for the future What is the condition of the soil? If degraded, can soil ecosystem functions be restored? And how long will it take? 20
- 21. What land uses are at risk of irreversible change? How will soil changes impact future management options? 21
Notas do Editor
- Interpretive Applications of Soil Survey Data and Properties for Soil Health: Process Modelling Options Maxine J Levin, Diane E. Stott, Brandon Smith, Candiss O. Williams and Jennifer M. Kucera Soil as a medium for crop growth can have many limitations that are integral with the inherent material, its past use and management, and its intended use. The National Cooperative Soil Survey database for the USA gives generalized estimations of inherent properties. It rarely addresses the dynamic soil properties of fertility, soil biology, surface structure and aggregation from management and properties derived from poor management, compaction or erosive degradation (USDA-NRCS, 2016). By making use of Soil Testing and Soil Health assessments, the grower will be able to use the best management practices based on the current state of dynamic soil properties and have the knowledge for potential regenerative management systems that improve degraded environments.
- The Soil health Interpretations Team- Members from the Soil Interpretations Branch of the Soil Science Division, The Soil Health Division, Regional and State Soil Scientists and the Ecological Sciences Division. Others have joined for specific topics to brainstorm. Our 3 primary charges are to identify dynamic soil properties of interest to soil health; their magnitude and capacity in native vs cultivated soils and providing an easily accessible database to access and assess the information.
- As a member of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, NRCS is the lead federal agency for the mapping and interpretations of the nation’s soil resources. The well established standards, techniques, and protocols used to map and interpret the nation’s soil resources have been applied to the developed landscapes of the US and worldwide. Since the early 1970s, the USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has actively pursued the collection of dynamic property soil data but have not had a means to store or classify it. These are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by profound human influences such as compaction, human amendment and transport and day to day farming practices affect carbon and nitrogen transformations. The National Cooperative Soil Survey database for the USA gives generalized estimations of inherent properties. It rarely addresses the dynamic soil properties of fertility, soil biology, surface structure and aggregation from management and properties derived from poor management, compaction or erosive degradation (USDA-NRCS, 2016). Official USDA NRCS soils information is available on the Web Soil Survey. Traditional soil survey is grounded in a soil-landscape model that identifies spatially contiguous mapunits at a farm scale (typically 1:24000) and estimates “representative values” for soil properties at the component level. Soil classification, especially US Soil Taxonomy which was developed in concert with soil survey, focuses on using soil properties and morphological characteristics such as sub-surface diagnostic horizons to define taxonomic groups.
- Soil health management and assessment has the potential to improve crop performance and reduce risk by increase soil resiliency. Soil Health with soil testing for crop and field may be the best insurance that a crop will be successful and produce a harvest with the highest potential and most sustainable yield possible. The US National Cooperative Soil Survey has been investigating Soil Change within the Interpretations Conference Committees and within the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Soil Science Division since the early 1990’s. Historically the US Soil Survey worked on building a national map that would deliver information on land use and soil management. In the US, all these assessments of the potential uses of soils, from agricultural production to engineering properties, have become consolidated under the overarching category of Soil Interpretations. Soil Mapping, Soil Classification and Soil Taxonomy focused on the static qualities of the soil profile, attempting to make estimates and predictions of soil groupings based on soil characteristics that were stable beyond a 5 to 20 year cycle of use and management and potential anthropogenic change. From the early years of the soil survey through the development of computer databases in the 1970s, soil interpretations were based on written guides that were used by the soil surveyors to develop the interpretation tables contained in soil survey manuscripts published by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Tables contained use and management interpretations by map unit or component. Interpretive results for a tract of land could be determined by cross referencing the hard copy soil map and the interpretive table(s). Examples of common interpretations provided in soils surveys include: crop, forage and range suitability groups, and use limitations for recreation, building site development, and engineering uses. The question of soil change centering on the potential for erosion, salinity and sodicity, soil properties of wetlands, drainage phases and soil contamination has been the realm of soil interpretations and tying the map unit and individual soil characteristics to suitability or vulnerability indexes in separate tables or maps. In the last ten years we have spent a good deal of our energy in the agency to access models to predict outcomes of conservation practices looking at the use dependent or dynamic properties. Considering now the very critical urgency of taking soil health and its obvious benefits to alleviate risks of soil moisture retention and control, soil structure with soil resiliency to compaction and active function through soil biological processes
- The Nature of dynamic properties make to difficult to measure and more difficult to predict—without considering function and process. Considering now the very critical urgency of taking soil health and its obvious benefits to alleviate risks of soil moisture retention and control, soil structure with soil resiliency to compaction and active function through soil biological processes
- Traditional soil survey is grounded in a soil-landscape model that identifies spatially contiguous mapunits at a farm scale (typically 1:24000) and estimates “representative values” for soil properties at the component level. Soil classification, especially US Soil Taxonomy which was developed in concert with soil survey, focuses on using soil properties and morphological characteristics such as sub-surface diagnostic horizons to define taxonomic groups. The primary goal of the soil survey/soil classification paradigm is to provide standard, largely categorical, information for farm scale management. In contrast, soil health has focused interest on dynamic soil properties defined as properties that can be changed through management at human time scales – months, years, or decades. The five properties on the screen are major soils that we are starting with.
- It is essentially a multi-field version of EPIC that was developed in the late 1990s to address environmental problems associated with livestock and other agricultural production systems on a whole-farm or small watershed basis. The APEX model also continues to evolve and to be used for a wide variety of environmental assessments. Management capabilities include irrigation, drainage, furrow diking, buffer strips, terraces, fertilization, manure management, lagoons, reservoirs, crop rotation and selection, pesticide application, grazing, and tillage.
- APEX has had an extensive assessment of its performance for estimating impacts of conservation practices conducted by USDA-NRCS Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) Modeling Team. •APEX is a physically based and continuous daily time-step model developed to predict the impact of various land management strategies on water quantity and quality, erosion and sediment yield, soil quality, plant productivity and pests in whole farm/small watersheds. APEX’s unique feature to Soil Survey is the ability to subdivide farms or fields by soiltype, landscape position, surface hydrology and/or management configuration to represent crop diversity and landscape characteristics within a field or farm. •Cover crops •Double cropping •Plant-weed competition •Pastures •Tree growth •Model simulates mixed plant stands with up to 10 competing crops or plants
- MODELING DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES FOR U.S. SOIL SURVEY USING AGRICULTURAL POLICY/ ENVIRONMENTAL EXTENDER (APEX) CANDISS O. WILLIAMS RESEARCH SOIL SCIENTIST
- Developing protocol to use process-based soil models (i.e. APEX) for soil health function and outcomes will be an ongoing task in the next several years. By making use of soil testing and soil health assessments, the grower will be able to identify and potentially use best management practices based on the current state of dynamic soil properties and have the knowledge for potential regenerative management systems that improve degraded soil conditions. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was developed for use in whole farm/small watershed management. With the use of process modelling and the addition of soil fertility and soil health assessments as validation points, one may be able to predict the highest potential of a soil to meet ideal soil health properties. Identification of potentials and thresholds for soil health indicators facilitate the selection of management strategies as well as show outcomes for environmental improvement and cost/profit ratios. APEX modelling in NRCS has been corporately used to quantify benefits of conservation practices for water quality, nutrient leaching and erosion. The model was constructed to evaluate various land management strategies considering sustainability, erosion (wind, sheet, and channel), economics, water supply and quality, soil health, plant competition, weather and pests. The same model could be considered to evaluate conservation practices for soil health improvements and outcomes. The questions central to soil health identification and function will be: •If degraded, can soil ecosystem functions be restored? And how long will it take? The use of predictive models to populate soils database can then be used to ask: • What is the condition of the soil? If degraded, can it be restored? How long will it take? What land uses are at risk of irreversible change? How will soil changes impact future management options? Within the scope of this study one soil Kirkland soil, Oklahoma as a pilot was tested with the APEX model to evaluate the sensitivity of the model to predict the potential impact of land use (range land, no till and conventional tillage) on organic matter content through time. Runs of the model were compared with measured data from a dynamic soil property study that substituted space for time with the 3 scenarios of land use and dominant soil data recorded in the SSURGO database. Results were promising for the one soil as a pilot with metrics being qualitative for the scope of this study. Bulk density and aggregate stability were not promising within the confines of this study and the limitations of the APEX model. With a blending of classic soil testing and field physical/biological assessments and focusing on pH and SOM as major measurements for soil management, we see that sustainability measures, soil health profiles for farming and subsequent recommendations could be standardized for soil type and region as they are for soil testing alone. The need for critical assessment of ecosystem function through process modelling is one pathway that can increase knowledge and potential of soils to function with improved soil health indicators and conservation practices.
- Use of predictive models to populate soils database can then be used to ask: