References:
Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Manfredo P. Do Carmo (2016)
Differential Geometry by Claudio Arezzo
Youtube: https://youtu.be/tKnBj7B2PSg
What is a Manifold?
Youtube: https://youtu.be/CEXSSz0gZI4
Shape analysis (MIT spring 2019) by Justin Solomon
Youtube: https://youtu.be/GEljqHZb30c
Tensor Calculus
Youtube: https://youtu.be/kGXr1SF3WmA
Manifolds: A Gentle Introduction,
Hyperbolic Geometry and Poincaré Embeddings by Brian Keng
Link: http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/manifolds/,
http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/hyperbolic-geometry-and-poincare-embeddings/
Statistical Learning models for Manifold-Valued measurements with application to computer vision and neuroimaging by Hyunwoo J.Kim
6. Topological Space
A topology on a set 𝑋 is a collection 𝜏 of subsets of 𝑋, satisfying the following axioms:
(1) The ∅ and 𝑋 itself are in 𝜏.
(2) The union of any collection of sets in 𝜏 is also in 𝜏
(3) The intersection of any finite number of sets in 𝜏 is also in 𝜏
𝑋 with its topology 𝜏 is called a topological space (𝑋, 𝜏).
8. Topological Manifolds
Hausdorff, Second countable, paracompactness
-> metrizable space
(homeomorphic to a metric space – which means measurable space)
This means that, any points in the space 𝒳 × 𝒳 → ℝ+
Locally Euclidean
9. Smooth (differentiable) Manifolds
𝑝 𝑞
Totally different ℝ 𝑛
𝜑 𝛼 𝑝
𝑢 𝛼 𝑢 𝛽
𝜑 𝛼 𝑝 = (𝑥1
, 𝑥2
, ⋯, 𝑥 𝑛
)
N-tuple
𝜑 𝛼
−1 ∙ 𝜑 𝛼 𝑝 = 𝑝
𝜑 𝛽 ∙ 𝜑 𝛼
−1 𝑢 𝛼 = 𝑢 𝛽
If 𝜑 𝛽 ∙ 𝜑 𝛼
−1 is infinitely differentiable 𝐶∞, we call it
Smooth manifolds
Def: A smooth manifold or 𝐶∞ -manifold is a differentiable manifold for which all the transition maps are
smooth. That is, derivatives of all orders exist; so it is a 𝐶 𝑘 -manifold for all 𝑘. An equivalence class of such
atlases is said to be a smooth structure.
10. Diffeomorphism
𝑋
𝑌
𝑚𝑚
𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌
𝛾 ∙ 𝑓 ∙ 𝜑−1: 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚
𝛾
If 𝛾 ∙ 𝑓 ∙ 𝜑−1 is infinitely differentiable 𝐶∞, 𝑓 is bijection, and 𝑓−1 is also differentiable,
then 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 are diffeomorphic and 𝑓 is diffeomorphism
13. Parametric curves
In mathematics, a parametric equation defines a group of quantities as functions of one or more
independent variables called parameters. Parametric equations are commonly used to express the
coordinates of the points that make up a geometric object such as a curve or surface, in which case
the equations are collectively called a parametric representation or parameterization (alternatively
spelled as parametrisation) of the object.
For example, the equations
𝑥 = cos 𝑡
𝑦 = sin 𝑡
𝛾 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 𝑡 = (cos 𝑡 , sin 𝑡)
form a parametric representation of the unit circle, where t is the parameter: A point (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the
unit circle if and only if there is a value of t such that these two equations generate that point.
14. Parametric curves
We can also find other charts to map the unit
circle. Let's take a look at another construction
using standard Euclidean coordinates and a
stereographic projection. Figure 5 shows a
picture of this construction. We can define two
charts by taking either the "north" or "south"
pole of the circle, finding any other point on the
circle and projecting the line segment onto the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 . This provides the mapping from a
point on the manifold to ℝ1. The "north" pole
point is visualized in blue, while the "south" pole
point is visualized in burgundy. Note: the local
coordinates for the charts are different. The
same point on the circle mapped via the two
charts do not map to the same point in ℝ1.
𝑢1: = 𝜑1(𝑝) =
𝜑1(𝑝)
1
=
𝑥 𝑝
1 − 𝑦𝑝
32. Gaussian curvature
Starting with the center diagram (zero curvature), we see that a cylindrical surface has flat or
zero curvature in one dimension (blue) and curved around the other dimension (green), resulting
in zero curvature. Moving to the right, the sphere on has curvature along its to axis in the same
direction, resulting in a positive curvature. And to the left, we see the saddle sheet has curvature
along its axis in different directions, resulting in negative curvature. In fact, the Gaussian
curvature is the product of its two principal curvatures, which we won't get into detail here but
corresponds to our intuition of how a surface curves along its two main axes.
38. Geodesics
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝛾 s,t will be function of two real parameter,
t is time and s is variation of curve
if we fix s,then only t is chaging,
we give it another notation 𝛾𝑠 t , 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡
we call it 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 if
𝑑
𝑑𝑠
ㅣ 𝑠=0 𝐿 𝛾𝑠 = 0
𝐴 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝛾𝑠
𝛾(𝑎) 𝛾(𝑏)
𝛾𝑠=𝑐(𝑘)
𝛾𝑠=𝑑(𝑘)
𝛾0(𝑘)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠(−𝜀, 𝜀) → 𝛾𝑠 𝑡
𝑑
𝑑𝑠
𝛾𝑠 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝛾0 𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝛾 𝑠 𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠 = 0, 𝑡 = 𝑘
𝑠 = 0
𝑡 = 𝑘
51. References
Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Manfredo P. Do Carmo (2016)
Differential Geometry by Claudio Arezzo
Youtube: https://youtu.be/tKnBj7B2PSg
What is a Manifold?
Youtube: https://youtu.be/CEXSSz0gZI4
Shape analysis (MIT spring 2019) by Justin Solomon
Youtube: https://youtu.be/GEljqHZb30c
Tensor Calculus
Youtube: https://youtu.be/kGXr1SF3WmA
Manifolds: A Gentle Introduction,
Hyperbolic Geometry and Poincaré Embeddings by Brian Keng
Link: http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/manifolds/,
http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/hyperbolic-geometry-and-poincare-embeddings/
Statistical Learning models for Manifold-Valued measurements with application to computer vision and
neuroimaging by Hyunwoo J.Kim