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Usefull Commands forUsefull Commands for
RedhatRedhat
Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Presented By
TEJVEER SINGH
ID:VGT136T

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IntrductionIntrduction
Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
The Linux Directory Layout
File/Directory Basics
File Viewing
File Properties
File Compression
File Comparison
File Text Manipulation
Disks and File Systems
File Location
Backups and Remote Storage
Audio and Video
Hosts
Spelling Operations
Networking
Printing

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Directory Description
/bin Essential command binaries (programs)are stored
here(bash, ls, mount,tetc.)
/boot Static files of the boot loader.
/dev Device files. In Linux, hardware devices are acceessd
just like other files, andthey are kept under this
directory.
/etc Host-specific system configuration files.
/home Location of users' personal home directories (e.g.
/home/Raj).
/lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules.
The Linux Directory Layout

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Directory Description
/proc Process information pseudo-filesystem. An interface
to kernel data structures.
/root The root (superuser) home directory.
/sbin Essential system binaries (fdisk, fsck, init, etc).
/tmp Temporary files. All users have permission to place
temporary files here.
/usr The base directory for most shareable, read-only data
(programs, l ibraries,documentation, and much ore).
/usr/bin Most user programs are kept here (cc, find, du, etc.).
/usr/include Header files for compiling C programs.

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Directory Description
/usr/lib Libraries for most binary programs.
/usr/sbin Non-vital system binaries (lpd, useradd, etc.)
/usr/share Architecture-independent data (icons, backgrounds,
documentation, terminfo, man pages, etc.).
/usr/src Program source code. E.g. The Linux Kernel, source RPMs,
etc.
/usr/X11R6 The X Window System
/var Variable data: mail and printer spools, log files, lock files,
etc.
/usr/local “Locally” installed files. This directory only really matters in
environments where files are stored on the network. Locally-
installed files go in /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc.). Also
often used forsoftware packages installed from source,or
software not officially shipped with the distribution.

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File/Directory Basics
Command Task
ls List files
cp Copy files
mv Rename files
rm Delete files
ln Link files
cd Change directory
pwd Print current directory name
mkdir Create directory
rmdir Delete directory

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File Viewing
Command Task
cat View files
less Page through files
head View file beginning
tail View ending of file
nl Number lines of file
od View binary data of file
Xxd View binary data with charecter
gv View Postscript/PDF files
xdvi View TeX DVI files

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File Properties
Command Task
stat Display file attributes
wc Count bytes/words/lines
du Measure disk usage
file Identify file types /ASCII Files
touch Create new file timestamps
chown Change file owner
chgrp Change file group
chmod Change file rotections/Permision
chattr Change advanced file attributes/
Special Charecters
lsattr List advanced file attributes

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File Compression
Command Task
gzip Compress files (GNU Zip)
compress Compress files (Unix)
bzip2 Compress files (BZip2)
zip Compress files (Windows Zip)

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File Comparison
Command Task
diff Compare files line by line
comm Compare sorted files
cmp Compare files byte by byte
md5sum Compute checksums

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File Text Manipulation
Command Task
grep Search text for matching lines
cut Extract columns
paste Append columns
tr Translate characters
sort Sort lines
uniq Locate identical lines
tee Copy stdin to a file and
to stdout simultaneously

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Disks and File Systems
Command Task
df Show free disk space file &
Dir.
mount Make a disk accessible
fsck Check a disk for errors
sync Flush disk caches

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
File Location
Command Task
find Locate files
slocate Locate files via index
which Locate commands
whereis Locate standard files

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Backups and Remote Storage
Command Task
mt Control a tape drive
dump Back up a disk
restore Restore a dump
tar Read/write tape archives
cdrecord Burn a CD
rsync Mirror a set of files

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Audio and Video
Command Task
grip Play CDs and rip MP3s
xmms Play audio files
cdparanoia Rip audio
audacity Edit audio
xcdroast Burn CDs

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Hosts
Command Task
uname Print system information
hostname Print the system’s hostname
ifconfig Set/display network information
host Look up DNS
whois Look up domain registrants
ping Check if host is reachable
traceroute View network path to a host

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Spelling Operations
Command Task
look Look up spelling
aspell Check spelling interactively
spell Check spelling in batch

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Networking
Command Task
ssh Securely log into remote hosts
telnet Log into remote hosts
scp Securely copy files between hosts
sftp Securely files transfer between hosts
ftp Copy /Transfer files between hosts
evolution GUI email client
mutt Text-based email client
mail Minimal email client

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
mozilla Web browser
lynx Text-only web browser
wget Retrieve web pages to disk
slrn Read Usenet news
gaim Instant messaging/IRC
talk Linux/Unix chat
write Send messages to a terminal
mesg Prohibit talk/write
Command Task

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer
Printing
Command Task
lpr Print files
lpq View print queue
lprm Remove print jobs

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Volksgeist Technologies LLP Vasundhara Presented By Tejveer