1.
2
Agenda
1. Globalization
2. Migration
3. Human / Sex Trafficking
4. Transnational Organized Crime
5. Group Activity

2.
3
Our solid American citizen awakens in a bed built on a pattern which originated in the Near East (…) He throws back covers made
from cotton, domesticated in India (…) He slips into his moccasins, invented by the Indians of the Eastern woodlands, and goes to
the bathroom, whose fixtures are a mixture of European and American inventions (…)
On his way to breakfast he stops to buy a paper, paying for it with coins, an ancient Libyan invention. At the restaurant a whole new
series of borrowed elements confronts him. His plate is made of a form of pottery invented in China. His knife is of steel, an alloy
first made in southern India , his fork a medieval Italian invention, and his spoon a derivative of a Roman original. He begins with
an orange, from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia, or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. With this he has
coffee, an Abyssinian plant (…)
When our friend has finished eating, he settles back to smoke, an American Indian habit, consuming a plant domesticated in Brazil
in either a pipe, derived from the Indians of Virginia, or a cigarette, derived from Mexico. (…) While smoking he reads the news of
the day, imprinted in characters invented by the Semites upon a material invented in China by a process invented in Germany. As
he absorbs the account of foreign troubles he will, if he is a good conservative citizen, thank a Hebrew deity in a Indo-European
language that he is 100 percent American.
100% American – by Ralph Linton (1936)
1. Globalization
Source: The Study of Man, by Ralph Linton (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1936), pp.326-327.

3.
4
Background Information
The term globalization comes forth in the 1970s and 1980s to designate a complex of processes and changing forces, that act on a global scale
and transpose national borders, moved by the evolution of international trade and the development of new technologies along the twentieth
century – the so-called “third industrial revolution”.
Globalization represents “a more advanced and complex form of internationalization which implies a degree of functional integration
between internationally dispersed economic activities…” (Dicken)
In this process, companies transpose national borders to produce and commercialize their products, and turn into multinational companies, on a
first stage, and transnational companies, on a second stage. They become so huge and powerful that one comes to discuss the implications of
these processes to the different national States.
“…avec la configuration globale, ce sont les États qui vont se faire concurrence pour attirer les investissements étrangers sur leur
territoire. Ce retournement de situation est le produit d´une double évolution. D´un côté, les gouvernements ont lancé à partir du milieu
des années 1980 une grande réforme libérale des codes ou lois sur les investissements étrangers. De l´autre, les firmes ont modifié leur
stratégie d´investissement à l´étranger en abandonnant progressivement la stratégie de marché pour une stratégie globale.“ (Charles-
Albert Michalet)
Before this scenery, the role of the State as government is challenged. The State-government looses its centralizing [instead of keeping its
absolute power], and comes to be one more player in the market. This does not imply, however, a decreasing of its importance as a manager of
politics and of strategic decisions, fundamental roles of the State governments.
“…states will remain the key actors in international relations, and, even if their influence is declining relative to other actors, the patterns
of interactions the major states create will still be of central importance in the years to come.” (Prof. Chris Brown, LSE)
The term globalization designates a complex process of changing forces that
reshape the International scenario and the roles of the global players
1. Globalization
Source: Coutinho, Rodrigo: “Globalization and its consequences, alternatives and paths to Brazil.” (Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI, 2008)

4.
5
Background Information
On this international arena, in which globalization is an irreversible reality, and from which States may benefit, some alternative politics
[economic and / or social] can be adopted by countries for its effective insertion in the process of globalization
“…a wider agenda for international relations will be addressed, in which the traditional concerns of power politics take second place or, at
the very least, are placed in a wider context.” (Prof. Chris Brown, LSE)
“The state is being subtly deformed as an instrument of human well-being by the dynamics of globalization, which are pushing the state
by degrees and to varying extents into a subordinate relationship with global market forces. (Falk, 1996)
”A democracia plena, a abertura comercial, a desregulamentação do mercado e o afastamento do governo das áreas produtivas são
condições necessárias, embora não suficientes, para a integração competitiva do país e das empresas brasileiras ao mercado
globalizado...” (Rinaldo Campos Soares)
Globalization, thus, present states with alternatives on how to play according to
the new “rules”; being not participating in the process not an option
1. Globalization
Source: Coutinho, Rodrigo: “Globalization and its consequences, alternatives and paths to Brazil.” (Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI, 2008)

5.
6
“There ain't no such thing as a free lunch”
• Speculation:
Technology developments and easiness to transfer money cross-border
increases the risk of financial speculation
• Migration:
Legal and illegal migration tends to increase with globalization and the
easiness to move across borders
• Human / Sex trafficking:
Human and sex trafficking practices tend to increase with globalization –
e.g. to take advantage of cheap labor, etc.
• Transnational Organized Crime:
Organized crime tends to increase to take advantage of “weak” states to
profit – e.g. trafficking of goods (cigarettes, for example), etc.
• And others…
However, globalization may also present states with new challenges (and some
not so new…) that will be further discussed
1. Globalization
Source: Coutinho, Rodrigo: “Globalization and its consequences, alternatives and paths to Brazil.” (Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI, 2008)

6.
7
2. Migration
The movement of people among and within countries - currently 214 million
people are migrants (3.1% of world population)
• Economic Liberalization
• Brain Drain
• Rural to Urban
• Political & Cultural conflict
• Refugees
• IDPs
• Environmental
• Natural & man-made disasters
• Improved Mobility
• Transnational Migration Space
• Migration Networks
• Economic Liberalization
• Commoditization of Labor
• Migration / Insecurities Nexus
• Political and Cultural conflict
• Humanitarian Crisis
• Destabilization
• Improved Mobility
• Illegal Immigration
• Terrorism
• Transnational Crime
Motivations & Trends Implications
Source: IOM; UN; Gapminder; NPR; Dept. of State.

7.
8
3. Human / Sex Trafficking
The TVPA1) defines human trafficking and classifies countries by tiers according
to their compliance to standards for the elimination of trafficking
1) (Trafficking Victims Protection Act)
Source: US Department of State
Human Trafficking
• TVPA defines “severe forms of trafficking” and classifies
countries in tiers (1, 2, 2 Watch List and 3) according to
their compliance to standards for the elimination of
trafficking
• Major forms include: forced labor, sex trafficking, bonded
labor, debt bondage among migrant laborers, involuntary
domestic servitude and forced child labor
• Adults and children in forced labor, bonded labor, and
forced prostitution around the world: 12.3 million
• Victims identified: 49,105 (US, 2009)
• Countries without laws, policies, or regulations to prevent
victims’ deportation: 104
Sex Trafficking
• Somali Mom, from Cambodia
• Raped at 12, at 16 sold to a brothel
• Launched an NGO operating safe havens for victims
of the sex trade
• Saved 4,000 girls and women to date

8.
9
3. Human / Sex Trafficking
The US, in spite of its efforts to enforce the law, is still a source, transit and
destination country for human beings subjected to trafficking
Comments
“The victims of modern slavery have many faces. They are men
and women, adults and children. Yet, all are denied basic human
dignity and freedom. …
All too often suffering from horrible physical and sexual abuse, it
is hard for them to imagine that there might be a place of refuge.”
U.S. President Barack Obama, January 4, 2010
Photographer: Lewis Hine
Date: Unknown
Location: USA
Source: US Department of State
• US is a source, transit, and destination country for men,
women and children subjected to trafficking in persons
• Forced labor
• Debt bondage
• Forced prostitution
• Most common in domestic servitude, agriculture,
manufacturing, janitorial services, hotel services,
construction, health and elder care, hair and nail salons,
and strip club dancing
• US government fully complies with the minimum
standards for the elimination of human/sex trafficking, but
law enforcement (under the Department of Justice) is still
under desirable levels

9.
10
3. Human / Sex Trafficking
The TVPA defines human trafficking and classify countries according to their
compliance to standards for the elimination of trafficking
1) (Trafficking Victims Protection Act)
Source: US Department of State
Human Trafficking: Definition
The TVPA defines “severe forms of trafficking” as:
• Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by
force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to
perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or
• The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or
obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of
force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to
involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery
• A victim need not be physically transported from one location
to another in order for the crime to fall within these definitions
• Major forms of human trafficking include forced labor, sex
trafficking, bonded labor, debt bondage among migrant
laborers, involuntary domestic servitude and forced child labor
• Human trafficking does not include illegal adoptions, the trade
in human organs, child pornography and prostitution
Tier rankings
• Tier 1: countries whose governments fully comply with the
TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking
• Tier 2: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with
the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant
efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those
standards
• Tier 2 Watch list: Countries whose governments do not fully
comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making
significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with
those standards, and present:
• High number of victims
• Failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts or
decreasing evidence of complicity
• Commitments by the country to take additional steps
over the next year
• Tier 3: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with
the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts
to do so
Backup

10.
11
3. Human / Sex Trafficking
Human Trafficking - numbers
Law enforcement data - 2009
• Total prosecutions:
5,606
• Total convictions:
4,166
• Labor trafficking prosecutions:
432
• Labor trafficking convictions:
335
• Victims identified:
49,105
• New or amended legislation:
33
Human Trafficking by the Numbers
• Adults and children in forced labor, bonded labor, and forced
prostitution around the world: 12.3 million
• Successful trafficking prosecutions in 2009: 4,166
• Successful prosecutions related to forced labor: 335
• Victims identified: 49,105
• Ratio of convicted offenders to victims identified: 8.5%
• Ratio of victims identified to estimated victims: 0.4%
• Countries that have yet to convict a trafficker under laws in
compliance with the Palermo Protocol: 62
• Countries without laws, policies, or regulations to prevent
victims’ deportation: 104
• Prevalence of trafficking victims in the world: 1.8 per 1,000
inhabitants
• Prevalence of trafficking victims in Asia and the Pacific: 3 per
1,000 inhabitants
Backup

11.
12
4. Transnational Organized Crime
Transnational organized crime – and more specifically cocaine – present serious
strategic threats to economies and societies
Strategic Threats of International Crime:
• Strategic sectors of the economy
• Provide logistical support to terrorists
• Traffic people and contraband
• Exploit US and International banking
• Exploit cyberspace
• Manipulate securities exchanges
• Seek and corrupt public officials
• Use violence as a base of power
FBI Organized CrimeDrug Traffic Routes in Mexico
Source: The Economist; FBI.

12.
13
4. Transnational Organized Crime
Source: Wired.co.uk.
Backup

13.
14
4. Transnational Organized Crime
• Major producers:
• Colombia
• Peru
• Bolivia
• Major consumers:
• USA
• Europe
• Major routes:
• Mexico and Caribbean to
USA
• Africa, Brazil and
Caribbean to Europe
Backup

14.
15
5. To Reflect Upon
One should reflect upon the main topics of this presentation – Migration, Human/
Sex Trafficking and Transnational Organized Crime
• Illegal migration:
• Liberal – pro-immigration
• Conservative – against immigration
• Cheap labor:
• Multinationals
• NGO against cheap labor
• Illegal drugs – cocaine:
• Pro-decriminalization
• Conservative
Migration Transnational Organized CrimeHuman / Sex Trafficking
Considering that the process of globalization is somehow irreversible, and that it
tends to favor migration, human/sex trafficking and transnational organized crime in
some ways, please reflect upon the following subjects: