The document discusses water balance and minerals in the human body. It states that water accounts for 70% of body weight and a loss of 10-20% can be serious or fatal. It provides a table showing typical daily water intake and losses to maintain balance. The document then classifies minerals as major/macro minerals or trace/micro minerals and discusses the roles and sources of several key minerals including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, iron, iodine, zinc, and copper. It describes deficiency symptoms for some minerals and discusses absorption and regulation of minerals like iron.

1. Compiled By
R. H. Mishal
Asst. Professor
Sir. Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of
Pharmaceutical Education & Research,
Nashik.

2. waterbalance
Water is very essential for living system, there is no
life without water.
Total body water accounts for 70% of body weight.
However a loss of 10% of water in our body is serious
& a loss of 20% is fatal.
Therefore a balance should be maintained between
water intake & output.
Water intake Ml Water loss Ml
Drinking water 1350ml Urine 1350ml
Solid food 900ml Faeces 100ml,
Metabolism 450ml Skin 850ml
lungs 400ml
Total 2700ml Total 2700ml

3.  Minerals are inorganic substances which are essential for the body apart
from carbohydrates, proteins, fats & vitamins.
 Classification: 1) Major minerals/macrominerals.
2) Trace elements/ microminerals.
 Macrominerals are needed by the body in large amounts as compared to
trace elements. E.g. calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium.
 Trace elements are required essentially in traces i.e. very small amounts.
 Depending on their requirement in the body they are sub divided into:
 Essential trace minerals- These are required in micrograms for normal
body functions. Their specific role in body functioning is known. E.g.
Iron, iodine, copper, zinc.
 Non- essential trace elements- Their role in the body is unknown. E.g.
lead, geranium, mercury etc.

4.  Maintenance of acid base balance .
 Maintenance of electrolyte balance.
 Maintenance of osmotic pressure of cell.
 Growth & maintenance of tissues & bones.
 Proper working of nervous system.
 Muscle contractions.
 Transport of oxygen Activation of enzymes.

5.  Sources: Table salt, salt added to food.
 Sodium regulates acid-base balance of the body.
 Regulates osmotic pressure of plasma tissue fluids.
 Sodium ion helps absorption of monosaccharides and amino acids from the
small intestines.
 It helps in initiating and maintaining the heart beat.
 It prevents normal irritability of muscle.
 It is involved in transmission of nerve impulses.
 It maintains the cell membrane permeability.
 The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500 milligrams per
day. If the sodium level falls too low, it's called hyponatremia;
 If it gets too high, it's called hypernatremia.
 In addition to regulating total volume, the osmolarity (the amount of solute
per unit volume) of body fluids is also tightly regulated. Extreme variation
in osmolarity causes cells to shrink or swell, damaging or destroying
cellular structure and disrupting normal cellular function.

6.  Sources: Vegetables, fruits & nuts.
 Potassium is a very significant body mineral.
 Potassium ions are necessary for the function of all living
cells. Potassium ion diffusion is a key mechanism in nerve
transmission.
 Potassium is found in especially high concentrations within
plant cells, and in a mixed diet, it is mostly concentrated in
fruits.
 Potassium is most concentrated inside the cells of the body.
The gradient, or the difference in concentration from within
the cell compared to the plasma, is essential in the generation
of the electrical impulses in the body that allow muscles and
the brain to function.
 It is essential for the synthesis of glycogen.
 It regulates the osmotic pressure of cell.

7.  Sources: Milk, cheese, egg yolk & cauliflower.
 It is required in blood coagulation process.
 It regulates excitability & nerve fibres & nerve
centres.
 It regulates the permeability of membranes.
 It maintains the integrity of intracellular
materials.
 It is required for the activation of enzymes like
ATPase & succinate dehydrogenase.

8.  Rickets- Characterised by faulty calcification of
bones in children.
 Osteoporosis- A condition in which de-calcification
of the bone occurs due to calcium deficiency in the
diet in adults.
 Tetany- Decreased ionized fraction of serium calcium
causes tetany.

9. 1. Vitamin D - induces the synthesis of calbindin
(carrier protein for Ca) in the intestinal epithelial
cells, thus increasing Ca absorption.
2. Parathyroid hormone - it increases Ca transport
across the membrane of intestinal cells.
3 Acidity - Ca is more soluble and absorbed in
acidic medium.
4. Lactose - it favors calcium absorption in infants.
5. Caffeine, drugs like anticoagulants, cortisone and
thyroxine reduce calcium absorption.

10.  Sources: Milk, cheese, egg yolk, meat, fish.
 Phosphorus is necessary for the formation of bone & teeth.
 It is essential for carbohydrate metabolism.
 It involves in energy transfer in many biochemical reaction i.e.
in the form of ATP.
 It regulates acid-base balance.
 It is required for the formation of phospholipids, nucleic acid
& nucleoproteins.
 It provides buffering system in cells.
 Deficiency: Softening of bones, Caries of teeth.

11.  Sources: Table salt.
 Chloride is the major extracellular anion and
contributes to many body functions.
 Maintenance of osmotic pressure, acid-base balance,
muscular activity, and the movement of water
between fluid compartments.
 It is associated with sodium in the blood and was the
first electrolyte to be routinely measured in the blood.
Chloride ions are secreted in the gastric juice as
hydrochloric acid, which is essential for the digestion
of food.

12. HYPOCHLOREMIA
 Reduced chloride levels in the body
 Occurs due to vomiting, alcoholism, loop or
thiazide diuretics, hyponatremia.
 Treatment: increased Nacl intake , decreased diuretic
dosage.
HYPERCHLOREMIA
 Increased chloride levels in the body
 Occurs due to therapy withdrugs like
corticosteroids, guanethidine, NSAIDS,
acertazolamide, metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia.
 Treatment: electrolyte free water replacement,
diuretics.

13.  Sources: Green leafy vegetables containing
chlorophyll.
 Magnesium(Mg) is involved with a variety of metabolic
activities in the body, including relaxation of the
smooth muscles that surround the bronchial tubes in
the lung, skeletal muscle contraction, and excitation of
neurons in the brain.
 Magnesium acts as a cofactor in many of the body's
enzyme activities e.g. kinases.
 Magnesium levels in the body are closely linked with
sodium, potassium, and calcium metabolism; and are
regulated by the kidney.

14.  Sources: Meat, liver, eggs, spinach & fruits.
 It is required for formation of red blood cells.
 It is involved in oxygen transportation to the tissues.
 It is involved in process of cellular respiration.
 It is required for the formation of myoglobin.
 It is involved in DNA synthesis.
 It acts as electron carrier.
 Deficiency: Iron deficiency anaemia.
 Siderosis is the presence of excess of iron in the body
demonstrated by the presence of himosiderin in the
tissues. Iron stored in this form is not available to the
body.

15.  Duodenum & jejunum are the sites of absorbtion.
 Iron metabolism is unique because haemostasis is
maintained by regulation at the level of absorption
& not by excretion.
 When iron stores in the body are depleted,
absorption is enhanced.
 When adequate quantity of iron is stored
absorption is decreased.
 This is referred to as “Mucosal Block Theory” of
Iron Absorption.

16.  Sources: Iodized salt, sea food.
 Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid
hormones, T4 (Thyroxine) & T3 (Triiodo
thyronine).
 T3 & T4 are essential for normal growth &
development.
 T3 & T4 enhances lipolysis, stimulates
carbohydrate metabolism & increases synthesis of
certain proteins.
 Deficiency- Goitre characterised by reduced
BMR, slow heart rate, weight gain etc.

17.  Sources: Egg, liver, meat, peanuts, etc.
 Zinc acts as cofactor for enzymes.
 It is required for formation of nucleic acids.
 It is essential for spertagenesis & for the
development of primary & secondary sex
organs.
 It helps in wound healing.
 It is required for brain development.
 Deficiency- Growth retardation & retarded
genital development.

18.  Sources: Liver, kidney, cow milk, nuts.
 Several enzymes contain copper & activity of these
enzymes are reduced in copper deficiency.
 Copper influences iron absorption & mobilisation of
iron from liver & other tissues.
 Copper is essential in Melanin synthesis.
 It is involved in phospholipid & collagen synthesis.
 It maintains the integrity of myelin sheath.
 Deficiency- Wilson’s disease. Absorbed copper is
deposited in various tissues such as brain, liver,
kidney etc & leads to damage of that organ. It is a
rare hereditary disorder.

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