Easy to Pharmacy & learnt. IInd Sem. B.Pharm - II Year.

2. ❑A system that digest food & turns it
into energy..
❑Digestion is starts in the mouth..
❑Swallowed food goes to esophagus..
❑The food is stored in the
stomach & gets mixed..
❑Liquid substance goes
to small intestine..
❑The digestive system is used
for breaking down food into
nutrients which then pass into
the circulatory system & are
taken to where they are needed in
the body..

3. ANATOMY OF STOMACH
▪ Stomach is a dilated part of the alimentary canal between “the esophagus” &
the “small intestine”..
▪ It is a muscular sac..
▪ It is a j-shaped..
▪ Three major part =
▪ A. Cardiac.
▪ B. Fundic.
▪ C. Pyloric.
▪ It also lying just below the diaphragm
in the abdominal cavity..
▪ Can hold 1 lit. or more..
▪ Contains thick folds in lining called “RUGAE”

4. FUNCTION OF STOMACH
▪ Receives food from esophagus..
▪ Mixed food with gastric juices..
▪ Carries on limited absorption..
▪ Moves food into small intestines..
▪ Store meal for 2 hours..
▪ pH of 2.0 with HCl added..
▪ Initiates protein digestion..
▪ It promotes mechanical digestion..
▪ The bolus is now called chyme..

5. - SMALL INTESTINE -
▪ It is major part of digestion & absorption of carbohydrates , proteins & fats..
▪ It is presented wit 9 liter of fluid..
▪ 1-2 liter passes onto the colon..
▪ It is the longest section of the
alimentary canal..
▪ Three subdivisions –
▪ A. Duodenum.
▪ B. Jejunum.
▪ C. Ileum.
▪ It secretes digestive enzymes..
▪ It is the major organ of digestion &
absorption..

6. LARGE INTESTINE
▪ The large intestine extends from the
ileocecal sphincter to the anus..
▪ Four subdivision –
▪ A. Cecum.
▪ B. Colon.
▪ C. Rectum.
▪ D. Anal canal.
▪ The first part of the large intestine – the caecum , about 5-12 hours has
elapsed.
▪ It is approximately 1.5 m in length but is 2 to 3 times larger in diameter than
the small intestine about 7.6 cm..

7. ANATOMY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
▪ It also consists of secretory end pieces that are composed of-
▪ A. serous glands..
▪ B. mucous glands..
▪ C. mucous end pieces capped by serous
demilunes..
▪ Types of salivary glands =
▪ 01. Parotid salivary glands..
▪ 02. Sublingual salivary glands..
▪ 03. Submandibular salivary glands..
▪ Salivary glands are exocrine glands , glands
with ducts , that produce saliva & pour their
secretion in the oral cavity..

8. FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS-
▪ Serve to moisten food..
▪ Lubricants & moistens oral mucosa & lip..
▪ Initiates the digestion of carbohydrate..
▪ Secret saliva composed of water , mucus , proteins, salts & lactoperoxidase..
▪ Moisten food..
▪ Cleans oral cavity..
▪ Food molecule into solution : taste..
▪ Form bolus : for swallowing..
▪ Dissolve food chemicals so that they can stimulate the tongue’s taste buds..

9. ANATOMY OF PANCREAS
▪ It is a dual-function , having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands..
▪ Endocrine glands = Produce od hormones in
the islets of Langerhans..
▪ Glands that secrete their product directly
into the blood rather than through a duct..
▪ Ex : Pituitary glands, pancreas, thyroid
glands etc..
▪ Exocrine glands = It secretes buffers and
pancreatic enzymes..
▪ Pancreatic enzymes helps in the digestive process..
▪ Ex : Sweat glands , salivary glands etc..

10. FUNCTION OF PANCREAS
▪ 01. Exocrine pancreas aids digestion bicarbonate, amylase, proteases etc..
▪ 02. Endocrine pancreas beta cells secrete insulin..
▪ 03. Alpha cells secretes glucagon..
▪ 04. Exocrine production of pancreatic juice..
▪ 05. Endocrine production of insulin and glucagon..
▪ Disorders of pancreas glands =
▪ A. Pancreatic cancer..
▪ B. Cystic fibrosis..
▪ C. Islet cell tumors..
▪ D. Acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis

11. ANATOMY OF LIVER
▪ The liver has two surfaces –
▪ A convex diaphragmatic surface..
▪ A relatively flat or even concave visceral surface (Posteroinferior) ..
▪ The largest internal body organ..
▪ Largest gland.
▪ Largest organ apart from skin..
▪ Weight about 1.5 kg.
▪ Attached to diaphragm..
▪ Found in the upper abdominal cavity..

12. FUNCTION OF LIVER
▪It has a wide range of functions –
▪Detoxification..
▪Protein synthesis..
▪Decomposition of red blood cells..
▪Hormones production..
▪Major role in metabolism..
▪It necessary for survival..
▪Production of biochemicals necessary for digestion..

13. MOVEMENT OF GIT
▪ It also two types movement in the GIT –
▪ A. Propulsive : move bolus forward..
▪ B. Segmentation : mixing in the small intestine..

14. DISORDERS OF GIT
▪ Oral cancer.
▪ GERD.
▪ Hital hernia.
▪ Gastritis
▪ Peptic ulcer disease.
▪ Upper GIT bleed..
▪ Hernia
▪ Peritonitis.
▪ Intestinal obstruction.
▪ Hemorrhoids.
▪ Hepatitis.
▪ Liver cirrhosis..

15. ABSORPTION & DIGESTION

16. ▪By –
▪Rahul pal’s