This document provides an overview of integrated crop-livestock-forest systems and soil organic matter dynamics research in Brazil. It discusses: 1) The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) and its research on low-carbon agriculture practices like no-till farming and integrated crop-livestock-forest systems. 2) Embrapa's research networks studying greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration in grains, pastureland, and forest systems. 3) Preliminary results on soil organic matter dynamics in integrated crop-livestock-forest experimental fields using spectroscopic and laser-based techniques.

1. Evaluation of Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems
and Soil Carbon Dynamics in Brazil
Ladislau Martin-Neto1,2, Amanda M. Tadini1,3, Alberto C. C. Bernardi4
and Débora M.B.P. Milori1.
1- Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
2- Co-chair of Croplands Research Group- Global Research Alliance on Ag GHG
3- FAPESP- Research Support Agency in the São Paulo State (Pos-doc Fellowship)
4- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
ladislau.martin@embrapa.br
VII Workshop red REMEDIA- Lugo, 27/28 March 2019

2. Outline
- Brazilian Agriculture- current status
- Embrapa- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
- Low Carbon Agriculture Plan and Integrated Crop-
Livestock-Forest Systems (ICLF)
- Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Dynamics in Tropical Areas
- Results with combination of soil fractionation and
spectroscopic analysis in no-till areas
- Recent Results on SOM dynamics in ICLF experimental field
using laser-based techniques
- Final Remarks
25/08/17

3. Brazil- Evolution of Grains Production and
Land Area Use
Productivity
Productivity
Productivity

4. BRAZILIAN FOOD SECURITY
Sufficient food production to 200 million of inhabitants and
exportation of around 300 products to 180 countries
(around 20% of total is exported)
230
MILLIONS OF TONS
(2016/17)
GRAINS
26.2
MILLIONS OF TONS
(2016)
MEAT
38.9
MILLIONS OF
TONS
(2014)
FRUITS
35.2
BILLIONS OF
LITERS
(2014)
MILKSources: IBGE, CEPLA, Conab.
Adaptation and update Embrapa
- 25% GDP
- 40% exports
- 40% of Jobs

5. Greenhouse Gases Emission- Brazil
Period 1990 – 2014
Em CO2 equivalente
Tg = million tons GWP CH4: 21; GWP N2O: 310 Annual Estimate of GHG Emissions of Brazil- 3ª
Edição- MCTIC- Brasília, 2016

6. CERRADO
(SAVANNAH -
200 Mi ha)
AMAZON
SEMI-ARID
SUBTROPICAL
Land-Use in Brazil
PROTECTED

7. Land Use and Occupation in Brazil (2016)
Sources: Embrapa; MMA; FUNAI; DNIT; ANA (Brazil), NASA (USA)

8. 87% of sugarcane production
14
45
86
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
World Brazil
RENEWABLE
NON-RENEWABLE
Brazil - Renewable Energy Power

9. Estimate of
necesssary
increase of food
production until
2050. Brazil must
contribute with
40% of total
increase.
70%
Source: ONU/FAO – EMBRAPA – IBGE 2011

10. The Brazilian Agricultural Research System
70 Agricultural
Universities
The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
42 Embrapa Centers
17 State Research Networks
OEPAS
Private Sector
Brazil has also an active and growing
private sector, which supplies
technologies and technical assistance
mainly in farm inputs and food processing

11. Embrapa Network
• Established in 1973
• Linked to Ministry of Agriculture
• Employees (total): 9,860
• Scientists (mainly PhDs): 2,457
• Analysts (Undergraduate): 2,540
• Budget 2017- US$ ~1 Billion
42 Research Centers
• National Thematic-10
• National Product-15
• Eco regional / Agroforestry-17
• Headquarters-
Board - President and 3 Executive Directors
5 Executive Secretariat

12. Embrapa's main activity focuses abroad
Embrapa Virtual Labs - LABEX
And Projects
TECHNICAL COOPERATION
TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION
MALI
GHANA
BENIN
CHAD
ANGOLA
UGANDA
KENYA
BURUNDI
TANZANIA
MOZAMBIQUE
PERU
PARAGUAY
GERMANY
UNITED
KINGDOM
FRANCE
BURKINA
FASO
USA CHINA
SOUTH KOREA
JAPAN

13. Key technologies that contributed to the
Cerrados agriculture
PrioridadesPrioridades
Main Limitations
Removed by
Public R&D in
Brazil
Development of a Platform of
Sustainable Practices
“Tropicalization” of
crops and animal
production systems
Transformation of
acidic, poor soils
into fertile land
The 1st revolution
The 2nd revolution

14. milliontonsCO2equivalent
(Area in million hectares, volume in million m3, reduced GHG million tons CO2 equivalent)
Sub-programas
Recuperação de pastagens degradadas (área)
Sistemas de Integração Lavoura Pecuária Floresta (área)
Sistema de plantio direto (área)
Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio (área)
Florestas Plantadas (área)
Tratamento de Dejetos Animais (volume)
1 Through appropriate management and fertilization.
2 Including Agroforestry Systems (AFS).
3 Not computed the Brazilian commitment to the steel industry; and it was not
accounted for the GHG emission mitigation potential.
1
2
3
Objectives
2011/2015
Objectives
2016/2020Subprograms
Recovery of degraded pastureland (ha)
Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems (ha)
No-tillage System (ha)
Planted forests (ha)
Biological Nitrogen Fixation (ha)
Treatment of animal wastes(million m3 )
Estimated reduction
of GHG (in 2020)
Brazilian Low Carbon Agriculture Plan
Commitments of Agriculture 2010 – 2020
83-104
18 - 22
16 - 20
10
8 -10
6.9
133,9 to 162,9

15. No-tillage system (32 Mi ha)
Environmentally friendly
Harvesting
Soybeans
First Crop
Sowing Corn
Second crop
Two crops in the same
year without irrigation
The Example of Brazilian Tropical Agriculture Development
Savannah’s Agriculture

16. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF): Soybean
Innoculation- avoid N fertilizers use
Annual saving > US$ 10 billions
with Innoculation
without Innoculation
Soybean 30 Mi ha- 100 mi ton.
N2 + 16 ATP + 8 e- + 8H+ ---> 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi

17. Cycling crops and livestock – 365 days a year!
Systemic, Integrated Production Systems
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ARE BECOMING A NORM FOR RECOVERY OF DEGRADED LAND
February April June
June June-October November-December

18. Integrating Crops, Livestock and Forests
“Sustainable Intensification of Brazilian agriculture –
Production of food and energy with ecosystem services

19. Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest (ICLF)
Agricultural Sustainable Intensification
25/08/17
CO2
CH4
Recovered
pastureland & Soil C
accumulation at depth
Enteric
Fermentation
CO2
Forest Biomass

20. Animal welfare = thermal comfort
25/08/17
Note: Please
believe us
because the
cows are not
stuck with
chains in the
trees!!!

21. 25/08/17
Animal welfare = thermal comfort

22. Adoption of Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest (CLF)
Systems in Brazil- 2016
Source: Low Carbon Agriculture Lab 2016
AreaofICLFsystem
(millionofha)
CarbonMitigation
millionoftCO2eq
Mitigation of mi t CO2 eq
Evolution of CLFI
adoption (mi ha)
1.501.016 ha
2.085.518 ha
943.934 ha
1.046.878 ha
1.457.900 ha
Area under CLF
0%
20%Evolution of adoption:
2005-2010 – 3.6 million ha
2010-2015 – 6 million ha
Evolution of mitigation:
2005-2010 – 13.3 mi t CO2 eq
2010-2015 – 21.8 mi t CO2 eq

23. Multi-institutional Lab for Low Carbon
Agriculture (ABC) Plan Monitoring
Location: Embrapa Environment- Jaguariúna-SP
Ministry of
Environment
Ministry of Science &
Tecnhology
Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and Food Supply

24. ICLF Network (“Rede ILPF”)
Public x Private Partnership
International
R&D
Tech
Transfer
www.ilpf.com.br Communication
Partnership

25. 25/08/17
Extraordinary change
within 10 years, with
support from Embrapa and
Extension Service,
Mrs Marize Porto, a
Farmer in Goiás State
(Neotropical Savanna).
Integrated crop livestock
forestry system
How to take a farm out of bankruptcy

26. 4 per 1000 initiative- 0,4% of increase of SOM
Abad Chabbi- VI International Symposim on SOM- Harpender, UK, September-2017
France- 2015, COP 21

27. We bring countries together to find ways to grow more food
without growing greenhouse gas emissions.
CROPLANDS RESEARCH GROUP:
Co-chairs: Maria Rosa Mosquera Losada - Spain
Mark Liebig- USA
Ladislau Martin-Neto- Brazil
http://globalresearchalliance.org

28. Embrapa’s Climate Change Portfolio (with partnership
with many Universities and other public institutions)
Developing practical land-based GHG mitigation strategies, carbon
sequestration and reduction of N2O emissions
Main Research Networks:
Fluxus- Grains areas
Pecus- Pastureland and Integrated System
Saltus- Forest (native and exotic)
Coordinator of Portfolio’s Committee: Dr. Giampaolo Queiroz Pellegrino
EMBRAPA – Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

29. PECUS NETWORK-
100+ scientists

30. Grazing systems (integrated or not) with GHG
mitigation potential
PECUS goal: compare Carbon balances
“Positive” control
(Natural vegetation)
“Negative” control
(degraded pasture)

31. Characteristics of the research network:
• Evaluation of representative production systems in all major biomes
• Trials repeated in time and space
• Use of internationally recognized methodologies
• Study of soil-plant-animal-atmosphere compartments
• Standardized data organized in data bank
• Modeling and evaluation of environmental and social-economic impact
• Development of scenarios to support government decisions, avoiding
the use of default indexes and tiers that might not be adequate to Brazil .

32. CLFS
LFS
CLS
CFS

33. EmbrapaInstrumentation Center- São Carlos/SP- Brazil
3
3
- Began/1984- 88 employees
- 30 Ph.D Scientists - Physics,
Eletronic, Mechatronic and Material
Science Engineers, Chemistry,
Computing,...
- ~ 300 graduate students (USP and
UFSCar) and pos-docs
1 2
3- National Lab of Precision
Agriculture (2013).
Drones, robots, smart
sensors, imaginery analysis,...
1- Main Building- Labs
of Spectroscopies
(NMR, Photonics,..)
Tomographies (X-ray,
NMR), ....
2- National Laboratory
of Nanotechnology to
Agriculture (first in
the world dedicated
exclusively to
Agriculture, 2009)

34. • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer- Bruker- 400 MHz
• Electron Paramagnetic Resoance (EPR)- Bruker -Bands X and Q;
• Infrared (FTIR) and Near Infrared (NIR);
• Optics and Laser Laboratory ( UV-Vis, LIF, LIBS)
• Electroanalytical methods
• NMR, X and Gama Ray Tomographies
• Gas and Liquid Chromatographies and Mass Spectra
• Elemental (CHNS) and Thermo-analysis equipments
• Atomic Force and Tunneling Microscopy
• Electronic Microscopy
• ......
Some Facilities Available at Embrapa Instrumentation to
SOM research

36. South America Low Carbon Agriculture (LCA) Offset
25/08/17
Sá,J.C.M. et al., 2017.
LCA in South America to
mitigate global climate
change and advance food
security.
Environment International,
98, 102-112, 2017.

37. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM) IN BRAZIL
• Tropical and subtropical regions (Brazil)- soil organic matter (SOM) - major factor
to soil quality- fast turnover compared to temperate areas (low TOC), kaolinite (clay
1:1, low cation exchange capacity- CEC)
• In the past- conventional tillage- erosion, reduction of soil fertility and structure,
decrease SOM (CO2emission). Currently is changing with reduction of
deforestation, No-till, Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest systems and others
Soil C Accumulus is dependent of:
1- Edaphoclimate conditions:
- Soil characteristics: texture and mineralogy (tropics: kaolinite, oxides and
hydroxides of iron and aluminium)
- Climate: temperature and humidity (tropics: high microbial activity)
2- Biological Productivity of Plants
- Plants characteristics, including radicular systems (tropics: high photosynthesis
capacity- immense biomass production)

38. Fig.3- ...Only in some soil-specific situations, the adoption of recommended management
practices (RMPs) can increase SOC pool above that of the natural system. An example of
this is acid savanna soils of South America (Llanos, Cerrados) where alleviation of soil-
related constraints can drastically enhance the SOC pool.
(Rattan Lal, Ohio State Un., Conference Soil and Climate Change, Brussels, June 2008)

39. Acrisol (Typic Paleudult- US)- 20% clay content
subptropical climate, temp.= 19.4 oC; rainfall= 1440 mm
Bayer et al., Soil and Tillage Research (2000), 54 (1-2), 101-109.
Conventional Till X No-Till- Subtropical Area

40. TILLAGE
PD: no-till
PC: conventional
PR: reduced
CERRADO: native
TotalorganicC,tha-1
Costa Rica/MS, Brazil; 5 years
PD (0-20 cm);
TOC 3.02 t/hectare;
CO2 11 t/hectare
Bayer, Martin-Neto et al., Soil & Tillage Research (2006) 86 (2), 237-245.
DIFFERENT TILLAGE PRACTICES IN SAVANNA REGION OF BRAZIL

41. Mean value of soil carbon sequestration in grains areas of
Brazil
Data from Bayer, Martin-Neto et al., 2000 and 2006 (Soil & Tillage
Research, 86: 237-245), and from available literature in Brazil:
Sub-tropical region BR= 0.48 MgC /ha year (variation= 0.19-081 Mg C/
ha year), layer 0-20 cm, soils under no-till, soybean, corn, wheat, and
leguminous (cover plants) (winter- more rainfall than Savanna regions-
03 harvest per year)
Savanna- 0.35 Mg C/ha year (variation= -0.03-0.60 MgC/ha ano) layer
0-20 cm, soils under no-till, soybean and corn mainly (sequestration-
1.26 Mg CO2/ha ano)

43. Chemical structure of SOM
NMR, EPR, Fluorescence Analysis - Humic Acids
3340 3360 3380 3400 3420 3440 3460
g=2,0033
H (G)
EPR- Semiquinona
43

44. Acrisol (Typic Paleudult- US)- 20% clay content
subptropical climate, temp.= 19.4 oC; rainfall= 1440 mm
Bayer et al., Soil and Tillage Research (2000), 54 (1-2), 101-109.
Conventional Till X No-Till- Subtropical Area

45. CT-O/M NT-O/M CT-O+V/M+C NT O+V/M+C
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 9º year
SOIL MANAGEMENT
NT CT
EPR-SEMIQUINONE FREE RADICALS IN HUMIC ACIDS
Bayer et al., Geoderma (2002) 105 (1-2), 81-92
CT-O/M NT-O/M CT-O+V/M+C NT O+V/M+C
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 5º year
Spinsg
-1
HA(x10
17
)
SOIL MANAGEMENT

46. NT - 5 YEARS
CT - 5 YEARS
>150 m
50-150 m
20-50 m
2-20 m
<2 m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
COT g kg -1
OM LIGTH
OM HUMIFIED
NT - 9 YEARS
CT - 9 YEARS
>150 m
50-150 m
20-50 m
2-20 m
<2 m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
COT g kg - 1
OM LIGHT
OM HUMIFIED
ParticleSize
ParticleSize
DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON IN PHYSICAL FRACTIONS
Bayer et al., 2001. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65 (5), 1473-1478

47. EPR organo-mineral aggregates
ACRISOL /RS- Brazil
Quartz Signal
Semiquinone-type
Bayer, Martin-Neto et al., 2002
Plant and Soil 238 (1), 133-140

48. Is it possible to
obtain structural
information on soil
organic matter
without the need for
chemical
fractionation?
48

49. LIFS for analysis of SOM
Laser-induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

50. soil samples from
experimental area
manual cleaning,
and after the
samples are sieved
15 ton of
pressure
3 pellets of
each sample
50

51. 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
0
1
2
3
soil
calcinate and treated soil
Intensity(a.u.)
l (nm)
Milori, Galeti, Martin-Neto et al., SSSAJ, (2006) 70 (1), 57-63.
Laser Induced Fluorescence – LIF
Whole soil samples C analysis

52. CH
CH
CH
CHCH
CH
Molecule
“Rigid”
CH
CH
CH
CH
Molecule
“Loose”
300 400 500 600 700 800
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Intensity(a.u.)
Wavelength (nm)
Espectro de fluorescência característico da MO
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CHCH
CH
Milori, D.M.B.P.; Galeti. V.A.; Martin-Neto, Ladislau; et al., Organic Matter Study of Whole Soil Samples Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy.SSSAJ 70:57–63, 2006
Humification Degree
A= Area Fluor.
Emission Fluorescence spectrum

53. 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
HFIL
x10
5
(unidadearbitrária)
A4
/A1
x 10
-5
(unidade arbitrária)
R = 0,98
P < 0,0001
53
Milori, D.M.B.P.; Galeti. V.A.; Martin-Neto, Ladislau; et al., Organic Matter Study of Whole Soil Samples
Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy.SSSAJ 70:57–63, 2006

54. NC:no-cultivated soil; NT:no-tillage; CT:conventional tillage
Laser Induced Fluorescence – LIF
Whole soil samples C analysis
Milori, D.M.B.P.; Galeti. V.A.; Martin-Neto, Ladislau; et al., Organic Matter Study of Whole Soil Samples
Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy.SSSAJ 70:57–63, 2006
0.0 - 2.5 2.5 - 5.0 5.0 - 10.0 10.0 - 15.0 15.0 - 20.0
0.00009
0.00012
0.00015
0.00018
fluorescence/C
cm
NC
NT
CT

55. LIBS
Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

56. AUTOMATED SOIL ANALYSIS
Embrapa Instrumentation is using similar technology used by
NASA in mission to Mars, that is Laser-induced breakdown
spectroscopy- LIBS, that pemit multielemental analysis.

57. SP-LIBS Ocean Optics
Spectrometers manufactured by
Ocean Optics
model LIBS2500
spectral range: 188-980 nm
Resolution: 0.1 nm
Laser manufactured by Quantel
model Big Sky Laser Ultra50
single-pulse energy 50 mJ
pulse duration 8ns
Delay time: 3 s

58. NICOLODELLI, G.; MARANGONI, B. S.; CABRAL, J. S.; VILLAS-BOAS, P. R.; SENESI, G. S.; SANTOS, C. H.; ROMANO, R. A.; SEGNINI, A.; LUCAS, Y.; MONTES, C. R.; MILORI, D.M.B.P. Quantification of total carbon in soil using
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): a method to correct interference lines. Applied Optics, v. 53, n.10, p. 2170-2175, 2014
Applied Optics, vol 53, nº 10, p. 2170, 2014
58

59. Pastureland and Native Forest Sites
Pastureland without irrigation with high
stocking rate (HSWI)
Pastureland Degraded (DP)
Pastureland under irigation with high
stocking rate (HSI)
Pastureland without irrigation with
medium stocking rate (MSWI)
Native Forest (NF)

60. C stocks in different bovines stocking rate –
detemined by LIBS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CarbonStock(Mgha-1)
Management systems
30-100
0-30
HSI HSWI MSWI DP NF
Segnini et al., 2019- Scientia Agricola, 76, n.1, 33-40.

61. 61

62. Beef
Dairy
Integrated systems
Crop /Livestock/Forest
Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste – Pecus experiments

63. Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest System
Experiment began -2011
Soil samples collection-2016

64. 30ha
•Crop-livestock-forest (CLFS), CLS +
Eucalyptus urograndis
•Crop-livestock (CLS): corn
intercropped with Palisade grass
•Extensive (EXT): Signal
grass pasture
•Livestock-forest (LFS), Palisade grass
+ Eucalyptus urograndis
•Intensive (INT): Palisade grass
pasture)

65. Soil survey

66. Long-term experiments with
integrated production systems

67. CLFs LFs
Wood
(4.5 years)
116 m3 102 m3
Trees growth (m3/ha)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
01/04/12 18/10/12 06/05/13 22/11/13 10/06/14 27/12/14 15/07/15 31/01/16
Volume(m3)
Data
ILPF
SSP
CLFs
LFs

68. Summer Winter Total
CLFs 284 84 369
LFs 322 90 412
CLs 338 164 502
EXT 179 86 264
INT 406 225 631
Bovine Weight gain (kg/ha)

69. Variable
Treatment
INT LFs CLs CLFs EXT
Weight (kg) 333,2 333,0 342,7 343,7 327,2
CH4 (g/d) 198,1 202,1 198,4 180,3 190,1
CH4 (kg/ano) 72,3 73,8 72,4 65,8 69,4
CH4BW (gCH4/kgBW) 0,596 0,610 0,579 0,527 0,586
Methane

70. N2O
(g/ha/day)
CH4
(g/ha/day)
CLFs 0.018 A 0.019 AB
LFs 0.020 A 0.013 AB
CLs 0.007B 0.032 AB
EXT 0.021 A 0.067 A
INT 0.007 A 0.067 A
Alves, M.G.O. (2017)

71. Soil collecting

72. Soil collecting

73. 1,500 collected samples
Ctotal, soil fertility

75. Sampling points
1.5m 3.0m 7.5m0m

77. OM decomposition
Soil agregation
Well-structured soil
SOM
0–5 cm

81. Carbon stocks

82.  Crop-Livestock System (CLS) with Native Forest (NT):
- 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
% Carbon
Depth % C_NF % C_CLS
- 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 700,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
Humification Index (x10+3)
Depth
HLIFS_Native Forest HLIFS_CLS
Carbon accumulation

83.  Livestock-Forest System (LFS) with Native Forest (NT): distance 0.0m
- 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00 300,00 350,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
Humification Index (x10+3)_Distance 0.0m
Depth
HLIFS_Native Forest HLIFS_LFS_0.0m
- 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
% Carbon_Distance 0.0m
Depth
% C_NF % C_LFS_0.0m
Carbon accumulation

84.  Livestock-Forest System (LFS) with Native Forest (NT): distance 7.5m
- 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00 300,00 350,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
Humification Index (x10+3)_Distance 7.5m
Depth
HLIFS_Native Forest HLIFS_LFS_7.5m
- 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
% Carbon_Distance 7.5m
Depth
% C_NF % C_LFS_7.5m
Carbon
accumulation

85.  Crop-Livestock-Forest System (CLFS) with Native Forest (NT): distance 0.0m
- 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
Humification Index (x10+3)_Distance 0.0m
Depth
HLIFS_Native Forest HLIFS_CLFS_0.0m
- 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
% Carbon_Distance 0.0m
Depth
% C_NF % C_CLFS_0.0m
Carbon
accumulation

86.  Crop-Livestock-Forest System (CLFS) with Native Forest (NT): distance 7.5m
- 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
Humification Index (x10+3)_Distance 7.5m
Depth
HLIFS_Native Forest HLIFS_CLFS_7.5m
- 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
40-60 cm
60-80 cm
80-100 cm
% Carbon_Distance 7.5m
Depth
% C_NF % C_CLFS_7.5m
Carbon
accumulation in
detph

87. Final Remarks
- Long-term field experiments ICLF- soil C maps (LIBS), combined use of
fractionation methods (physical and chemical), spectroscopic and
chromatographic tools (LIFS, LIBS, 13C NMR, EPR, isotopic distribution 13C/12C)
– to obtain detailed data on dynamic and reactivity of SOM
- First results: 5 years experiment- comparison of SOM in ICLF with native
vegetation- increase of SOM content and from Laser-induced fluorescence
data- identification of incorporation of more humified organic compounds-
intense biomass production (aerial and root systems) and biological activity;
- Sustainable Intensification, as integrated crop-livestock-forest system-
conciliation of increase soil produtivity and reduction of environmental
impacts- carbon sequestration, more eficient use of natural and artificial
resources, biodiversity increase, animal welfare (thermal comfort),...

88. The Economist, August 28th 2010
“…But the
availability of
farmland is in fact
only a secondary
reason for the
extraordinary growth
in Brazilian
agriculture. If you
want the primary
reason in three
words, they are
Embrapa, Embrapa,
Embrapa.”
Brazil's agricultural miracle
How to feed the world

89. Acknowledgments
• Prof. Maria Rosa Mosquera Losada and Remedia network
for kind invitation!
• University of Santiago Compostela- campus Lugo – Vice-
Rector Prof. Montserrat Valcárcel Armesto
• Financial Support of Projects from Embrapa and Fapesp
(São Paulo State Research Funding Agency)
• To all of you for attention!
• ladislau.martin@embrapa.br
• www.embrapa.br/instrumentacao