KNOW MORE ABOUT MANGROVE FOREST

2. :-
Introduction
Location in world and
india
Climatic conditions
Flora
fauna
Threat to mangrove
Restoration

3. WhatareMangroves??
Mangroves represent littoral forest ecosystem . Low lying
areas of tropical and subtropical regions are home to
Mangroves. They grow below the high water level of
spring tides and are highly productive.

5. Since mangroves grow between the
land and sea, they represent the
best example of ecotone..(a region
of transition between two
biological communities.)
The trees vary in height from 8
to 20 m. They protect the
shoreline from the adverse
effect of cyclones and
tsunamis.
Mangrovesoccurinthetropics
andsubtropicsbetween
latitudes25°Nand25°S.
Breedinggroundfor
manycommercially
importantfishes.
Featuresofmangroveforests

6. Mangroves show Viviparity mode of
reproduction which means that seeds
germinate in the tree itself before falling to
the ground. This is an important adaptive
mechanism to overcome the problem of
germination in saline water.

7. They require high solar radiation that helps
to filter saline water through their roots.
This explains why mangroves are confined
to only tropical and subtropical coastal
waters.
They are salt-tolerant so they are
also called halophytes. Leaves are
thick and also contain salt-secreting
glands.
 . However, mangroves have various salt tolerance mechanisms that vary with
species: they can exclude salt, accumulate salt, and/or excrete salt.
 Plants that exclude salt prevent it from entering the membranes of their roots.
 In other plants that do end up containing excess salt, some accumulate it into
older leaves so it can be shed with the leaves.
 Others excrete salt, in much higher concentration than seawater,
through glands on their leaves.

8. Underground tissue of any plant requires oxygen for
respiration and in mangrove environment, oxygen in soil is
very limited or nil. This necessitates mangrove root system to
take up oxygen from the atmosphere. For this purpose,
mangrove species have many special roots coming out of the
groung and grow vertically upwards to get oxygen for
respiration called breathing roots or pneumatophores.
There are some supporting
roots coming out of the lower
nodes of the stem of mangrove
and these are called stilt roots.
Types of roots

10. LOCATION OF MANGROVE FOREST IN WORLD

11. DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE FOREST IN WORLD

12. LOCATION OF MANGROVE FOREST IN INDIA

13. DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE FOREST IN INDIA

14. KERALA
For a state that has 44 rivers and a
wide network of estuaries and
backwaters with tidal action, Kerala
has a relatively small area under
mangroves – just 25 sq km at present,
down from 700 sq km in 1957. The
mangrove patches that still survive are
distributed across many coastal
districts.
Mangroves have an important role in
dealing with climate change. These
evergreen close-canopy shrubs
produce biomass and green leaves
copiously all through their lives. In the
process, they absorb atmospheric
carbon in large quantities and help
with sequestration. They also shed
their leaves copiously, strengthening
the nutrient cycle.

15. WEST BENGAL
SUNDERBANS FOREST
Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the
delta formed by the confluence of
the ganges, brahamputra and meghna
rivers in the bay of bengal. It spans from
the hooghly river in india’s state of west
bengal to the baleswar
river in bangladesh’s division of khulna. It
comprises closed and open mangrove
forests, land used for agricultural
purpose, mudflats and barren land, and is
intersected by multiple tidal streams and
channels

16. CORINGA FOREST, ANDHRA
PRADESH
Godavari Mangroves at the Coringa
Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS) are touted to
be the second largest mangroves in
India.
The mangrove forests in Andhra
Pradesh are located in the estuaries of
the Godavari and the Krishna
rivers. The Godavari mangroves are
located in Godavari estuary of East
Godavari district.
Located in Andhra Pradesh, the
CWLS is home to
numerous endangered
species including the fishing cat, otter,
jackal, sea turtles, sea gull, pelican,
stork, heron, snipes, flamingos among
others.

17. BHITARKANIKA MANGROVES,
ODISHA
In the delta region of Brahmani-
Baitarani rivers, lies Odisha’s
Bhitarkanika Mangroves. It is spread
over an area of 251 sq km.
Bhitarkanika is one of the pristine
mangrove forests in India. It harbours
the largest population of estuarine
crocodiles in the Indian sub-continent.
There are around 1,757 saltwater
crocodiles in this area, according to
the reptile census conducted by
Odisha forest officials in 2020.

18. GULF OF KUTCH MANGROVES,
GUJARAT
The mangrove forest cover in Gujarat
(1,177 sq km) is second highest after
West Bengal (2,112 sq km).
With more than 70% mangrove cover of
Gujarat state, the Kutch region is at the
top followed by the Gulf of Kutch (16%).
Avicennia marina, commonly known as
grey mangrove, is the most dominant
mangrove species in Gujarat.

19. MANGROVES OF THANE CREEK,
MAHARASHTRA
In Maharashtra, the mangrove forests are
distributed across six districts of the
Konkan region – Mumbai City, Mumbai
Suburban, Thane, Raigarh, Ratnagiri and
Sindhudurg.
According to ebird.org, 165 bird species
have been recorded in this sanctuary.
The most commonly seen birds include
lesser flamingo, black-tailed godwit, little
stint and lesser sand-plover. You can go
boating to observe the birds up-close.

20. PICHAVARAM MANGROVES, TAMIL
NADU
Pichavaram mangrove forest is located
between the Vellar estuary and Coleroon
estuary in Cuddalore district of Tamil
Nadu.
Owing to the abundance of mangrove
vegetation, it draws umpteen native and
migratory birds.
Little egrets, pond herons, cormorants
and openbill storks are some of the
frequently spotted birds in the forest. It is
one of the most enchanting mangrove
forests in India that nature lovers must
explore.

21. Climatic conditions
• Mangroves are almost exclusively
tropical, but also occur in the
subtropics.
• They do not tolerate frost, but can
cope with air temperatures down to 5
°C.
• Their occurrence is most closely
related to seawater temperature.

22. THREATS
TO MANGROVE
FOREST
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

23. ● Straddling land and sea and teeming with life, mangrove
forests are key to healthy coastal ecosystems, but it is only
in the last few decades that people have begun to realize
their importance. Ironically, during this same period,
mangroves have disappeared with alarming speed. By some
estimates, less than 50 percent of the world's mangrove
forests were intact at the end of the 20th century, and half
of those that remain are in poor condition. Mangrove forests
are among the most threatened habitats in the world, and
mangrove loss is rampant across the globe.

24. ● Thailand has lost 84 percent of its mangroves,
the highest rate of mangrove loss of any
nation, while the Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau,
Tanzania, Mexico, Panama, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Pakistan, and the Philippines
have each lost more than 60 percent of their
mangrove forests. Most mangroves grow on
public land, only about 1 percent of which receives

25. Even where some legal designation or
protection is in place, preserving
mangroves is difficult because of
development in the form of:
● Shrimp Farming
The major issues of shrimp farming include
the loss of important ecological and socio-
economic functions of mangrove ecosystems,
changes in hydrology, salinization,
introduction of non-native species and
diseases, pollution from effluents, chemicals
and medicines, use of wild fish for feed,
capture of wild shrimp seed and loss of
livelihoods and social conflicts.

26. ● Tourism
Unfortunately, irresponsible tourism can destroy the very resources people are
coming to see. As tourists hike, drive, or paddle into once-remote areas, they bring
with them garbage, sewage, noise, fumes, lights, and other disturbances that can
damage mangroves and the surrounding ecosystems. Walking off paths, lighting fires,
feeding wildlife, anchoring on reefs, and collecting shells and plants are also
destructive.
● Agriculture
many thousands of acres of mangrove forest have been destroyed to make way for rice
paddies, rubber trees, palm oil plantations, and other forms of agriculture. Despite their
resilience, mangroves can tolerate only a limited amount of industrial and agricultural
pollution without dying. In addition, waterways are often diverted for irrigation or paved
over for roadways, which alter the natural flow of water. Because mangrove forests are
adapted to tidal fluctuations, they can be destroyed .

27. ● Coastal Development
It takes many forms, from ports and docks to hotels, golf courses, marinas, and
convention halls. Everyone loves being near the sea, but as streams and wetlands
are filled by roads and concrete, they can no longer process natural chemicals.
Worse still, pollutants that accompany development can damage individual trees or
whole tracts of mangroves. With buildings come people, traffic, garbage, and noise,
each of which takes its toll on the plants and animals that inhabit rich coastal
ecosystems.
● Charcoal and Lumber Industries
Chopping down mangroves for charcoal and timber is an important cottage industry
for many coastal communities. Mangrove wood is used for building material, fencing,
and fuel. It also yields valuable, high-quality charcoal. In places where fishing has
declined below subsistence levels, many people have turned to charcoal production
for their livelihood, which furthers the cycle of habitat loss and fishery decline.

29. Restoration of
mangrove forests

30. What is mangrove
restoration & why it is
important?
Mangrove restoration to regenerate the ecotone of
mangrove by the action of returning the habitat for flora and
fauna.
Mangroves are important to us because
● they help stabilize coastline ecosystem and prevent erosion.
● Not only this, they are providing natural infrastructure and
protection to nearby populated areas by preventing erosion and
absorbing storm surge impacts during extreme weather events
such as hurricanes
It also acts a shorekeeper for coastline by protecting natural bounty
and health. .

31. Advantages of mangrove
restoration
They perform functions like:
1)Nutrient cycling 5) reduce high tides
2) coastal protection 6) prevent soil erosion
3) fish & fauna production 7) provide opportunities
4) act as shock absorber 8) enrich coastal water

32. Which places has been
doing restoration?
● Kenya (indulged since last two decades )
o Thailand and Indonesia also recovered mangrove
after the loss that happened due to the tsunami ,
they have been conducting many mangrove
restoration projects
o

33. How to restore Mangroves?
1. They grow mangrove seedlings in greenhouses and then
transplant them into mudflats along the ocean's edge.
2. The majority of planting efforts are however failing. A more effective
approach is to create the right conditions for mangroves to grow back
naturally. Mangroves restored in this way generally survive and function
better.

34. 3Look for sustainable alternatives to eating farmed shrimp from mangrove areas. Find
local conservation and government organizations in your area that are working to
conserve mangrove forests, and support them.
4. Herbicides, oil spills, and other types of pollutants may kill mangroves. Causing
tremendous damage to mangroves, herbicides, oil spills, and other types of water pollution
may result in the death of these plants.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC
BY.

35. How can you grow mangroves ?
Now the question is how can common people or you if
you live new the sea or river shores can grow mangrove if
possible factors are present there ?
There are some several factors that
we need to grow mangrove,
mangrove can be grown in your house
as a house plants if u have all the
possible material that we need

36. REQUIREMENT FOR
DEVELOPMENT GROWTH
1]Average temperature of the coldest month higher than 20°C; the seasonal
temperature range should not exceed 5°C. They are not resistant to freezing
2] Shores must be free of strong wave action and strong tidal currents.
3] Saline water; they are facultative halophytes.

37. How much mangrove had
been wiped out from INDIA
?
● According to the Government of India
report [25], India lost 40% of its
mangrove area during the last century
[26]. Of this, east coast has lost about
26%; west coast area about 44%; and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands about
32% [32,33].

38. Mangrove
restoration in INDIA
● Mangrove restoration project was launched in
Andhra Pradesh .
This project was launched in Andhra Pradesh with
the aim of inducing concerted action towards
conservation and sustainable management of the
mangrove wetlands on the east coast of India.
The restoration employed canal techniques, instead
of simple plantation of seedlings, and a fish bone
pattern of canals was utilized.

39. INDIAN STATES WHICH HAVE
LOWEST MANGROVE
DESTRUCTION
Rank
States/UTs with highest mangrove
cover in 2017
Total mangrove cover in km2 in 2015
1 West Bengal 2,106
2 Gujarat 1,107
3 Andaman And Nicobar Islands 617
4 Andhra Pradesh 367

40. Title Layout
Subtitle
ENDANGERED/VULNERABLE
FAUNA SPECIES FOUND IN
MANGROVES

41. ENDANGERED/VULNERABLE FLORA SPECIES
FOUND IN MANGROVES