Nanotechnology - basic concept and introduction

1. Course Name:
Introduction to Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
(Code:NT70002)
Rabaya Basori
rabaya@iitkgp.ac.in
rabeya.phy@gmail.com
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2. What is nano?
It is 10-9
When the size of a material is of the order of nanometer,
(typically one of the dimensions below 100 nanometer)
it is nanoscale material or nanomaterial
The size matters
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3. A meter is about the distance from
the tip of your nose to the end of
your hand (1 meter = 3.28 feet).
Millimeter- One thousandth of
meter.(10-3m)
Micron: a micron is a millionth of
a meter (or) one thousandth of
millimeter (10-6m)
Nanometer:
A nanometer is one thousandth of
a micron (10–9m)
(or) a billionth of a meter. i.e. one
billion nanometers in a meter.
a0 =0.05 nm
How much is Nanometer?
DNA
Atom (0.1 ─ 0.5 nm)
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4. Gold Silver
Properties of materials depend on size below a limit
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5. Gold Silver
Gold nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles
Properties of materials depend on size below a limit
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6. The properties of matter on the nanometer scale can be vastly
different from those on the macroscopic scale.
When matter is confined to nanometer scale, important
modification occurs in properties like electrical conduction,
magnetism, mechanical strength, equilibrium structure etc.
Silicon
in the
bulk form
looks grey.
Si can have
different
colours,
when it is
reduced to
nanoscale
size.
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7. Many properties of a material change when its
size is reduced to nanometer scale
 Optical (e.g. color, transparency)
 Electrical (e.g. conductivity)
 Physical (e.g. hardness, melting point)
 Chemical (e.g. reactivity, reaction rates)
 ………
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8. Can gold melt at room temperature?
Nanoparticles
have large
surface-to-volume
ratio
Gold nanoparticles
Melting points may
even be lower than
room temperature
when the size goes
below 1.4 nm 8

9. What is Nanoscience & Technology
Find the science of nanomaterials Utilization in Technological application
Nanotechnology
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10. "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An
Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics" APS
meeting in 1959.
Richard Feynman
Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)
“I want to talk about … the problem of manipulating
and controlling things on a small scale…What I have
demonstrated is that there is plenty of room ̶ that
you can decrease the size of things in a practical
way.” ---Richard Feynman
Nanotechnology (first proposal)
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11. Feynman Prize
Feynman offered $1,000 to anyone who could:
1. Build a motor that would fit inside a 1/64”x 1/64”x 1/64”
box.
2. Write a page of text with letters that are small enough for the
Encyclopedia Britannica could be printed on the head of a
pin.
First Feynman Prize
William McLellan claimed the 1st prize within a year by
making motor by hand. Feynman hadn’t made this challenge
hard enough. This prize was won without creating any new
technology.
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12. Second Feynman Prize
1985: Tom Newman and Fabian Pease (Stanford University) used
e-beam lithography to write a part of A Tale of Two Cities by
Charles Dickens at the length scale represented by Feynman.
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13. 1st Transistor in 1947
1st Transistor
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14. A Pentium® chip with 3.3 million transistors.
Such micro-processors are at the personal computers of 1990s
(Courtesy of Intel Corporation.)
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15. Jack Kilby, a winner of Noble Prize in Physics (2000) for invention of
integrated circuit
Integrated Circuit
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16. Made by John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain at Bell Laboratories.
Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain,
winners of Noble Prize in Physics
(1956)
Researchers from MIT and the
University of Colorado made 3-D
transistors as narrow as 2.5
nanometers
1st Transistor in 1947 Transistor in 2018
Transistor Size Reduction
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17. Moore’s
Law:
Pentium 4
Apple iPhone 8 has 4.3 billion transistors
How small can be a transistor? 17

18. Information on a small scale
In all the books in the world (about 24 million) there are
about 1015 bits of information (taking 6 or 7 bits per letter).
Allow 100 atoms per bit.
Requires 1017 atoms
1cc of a material contains ~ 1023 atoms
All the information in all books in the world can
be written in a cube of material one-hundredth of a cm.
R.P. Feynman, 1959
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19. Courtesy IBM
Three letters “IBM” has been written with 35 atoms
R. Feynman assumed 100 atoms per letter
Here on the average 12 atoms have been used to write a letter
Quantum Mechanics has been used to write these letters “IBM”19

20. Photograph: British Museum Images
Lycurgus glass containing gold-
silver alloyed nanoparticles.
Au NPs interact with
spinal fluids.
Arthritis
Is Nanotechnology New ????
Nanotechnology is already around us if we
know where to look! 20
Michael
Faraday’s ,1850,
Royal Institute

21. It is the combination of existing technology
and our newly found ability to observe and
manipulate down to atomic level that makes
nanotechnology so compelling from scientific
and business point of view.
Nanotechnology is not new.
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22. Personal Care Health Care
Security
Electronics
Medicine: Nano-robots
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23. Powerful Nano- Tools
Binning and Rohrer, winner of Noble Prize in Physics
(1986).
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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24. Powerful Nano- Tools
Inventors: Binning, Quate and Gerber, 1986.
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
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25. Powerful Nano- Tools
Tunneling and Scanning Electron Microscope
Ernst Ruska, winner of Noble Prize in Physics (1986).
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26. •Nano Lithography:
–Photo Lithography
–E-Beam Lithography
–Ion-Beam Lithography
–X-Ray Lithography
–Nanoimprint or soft lithography
etc.
Nanodevice Fabrication
Mobile Circuit
10 nm
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27. Use of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials in Health Care
pSivida Ltd. Bio Silicon
Bio-silicon for drug delivery
Ambri Ltd ICSTM
Sense different types
of harmful protein,
amino acid or nucleic
acid in the human
blood which indicate
impending disease
In cosmetics, TiO2
or ZnO NP for
absorbing UV light
Nanobot
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29. Use of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials in Chips
Graphene
Good thermal conductor
One of the best electrical conductor
Transparent
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30. Use of Nanomaterials in Lighting/Displays
Nanotechnology to increases the brightness,
efficiency and clarity of LEDs, which are widely
used in smartphones and other electronics.
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31. Controlled release of pesticides/fungicides/nutrients from
nanocoating
Agriculture
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32. The Future of Agriculture?
Vertical farming
Indoor Farms Powered by LEDs
Growth rate is 2.5 times (latest 5 times) higher.
Yield of the plant from 50% to 90%, Light Recipes.
Water usage only 1% compared with outside. 32

33. Vertical farming
using LED lights
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Thank you